|
Macroeconomic Impact of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia |
In this paper,
a small macroeconomietric model of Ethiopia is used to simulate
the macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia. The model is
set up in aggregate demand and supply framework and the
individual equations in the model are estimated in an ECM format
using the Jobansen approach in view of the time series
properties of the macro-time series variables. The simulation
result shows that the prevalence of HIV/AIDS has a negative
impact on the overall economy through lowering the active labour
force. The decline in the labour force has a direct negative
impact on both the output of the agricultural and
non-agricultural sectors that would lead to the fall in private
consumption, investment, exports and government tax revenue.
The slow down of the economy would also be strengthened with the
fall in imports due to the decline in exports and hence the
shrinking down of the importing capacity. |
200 kb pdf |
|
Macroeconomic Models of the Impact of HIV/AIDS |
Major
differences of opinion are emerging in assessments of the
socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS in heavily affected countries
between the experiences of those who are devising practical
responses to the pandemic, and forecasts based on macroeconomic
modeling. |
176 kb pdf |
|
Measuring Capacity Building |
Capacity
building has become central to USAID health sector assistance
strategies. Experience suggest that achieving better health
outcomes requires both an injection of resources and adequate
local capacity to use those resources effectively |
Pdf 135 kb |
|
Measuring Economic Impact of AIDS |
the epidemic's
effects on food and livelihood security of rural residents are
still inadequately understood. Part of the problem is that
comprehensive tools to measure such effects of the epidemic have
not been fully developed. |
|
|
Meeting-The
Challenge |
The acute
labour shortage created by HIV/AIDS and its severe consequences
for agriculture production and food security of rural households
has been well documents. This study tries to show measures to
reduce this problem. |
461 kb PDF |
|
Meeting-The Global
Challenge of HIV/AIDS |
More people
have dies from HIV/AIDS over the last twenty years than from any
other disease in human history. The devastation caused by the
epidemic poses a clear and direct challenge to long-term US
economic and security interests AIDS is devastating whole
societies and economies, depriving countries of the educated and
skilled individuals required to build democratic governments,
professional militaries, and free market economies |
594 kb pdf |
|
METHODS FOR MODELING THE HIV/AIDS EPIDEMIC IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA |
An understanding of the magnitude and trajectory of the HIV/AIDS
epidemic, as well as the uncertainty around these parameters, is
critically important both for planning and evaluating control
strategies and for preparing for vaccine efficacy trials.
Particularly as efforts mount to make new technologies more
widely available in the developing world, tradeoffs among
different potential interventions and other critical policy
decisions must be based on the best possible information on the
current levels and trends in the epidemic. Unfortunately,
population-based epidemiological data are extremely limited in
sub- Saharan Africa. Incidence data in representative study
samples are rare due to the difficulty of direct measurement of
population incidence and the high costs and long follow-up
periods required for cohort studies. AIDS notification data
represent only a fraction of new cases of AIDS and are subject
to the problems of reporting delays. Information on
HIV/AIDS-attributable mortality is also essential to assessments
of the impact of the epidemic, but vital registration systems
have extremely limited coverage in most of sub-Saharan Africa;
other population-based information on mortality, while
increasingly available for children through the Demographic and
Health Surveys, for example, are relatively uncommon for adults. |
Pdf 57 kb |
|
Millions of AIDS Orphans Strain Southern Africa |
The United
Nations Children's Fund estimates in a new report that 11
million children under 15 in sub-Saharan Africa have lost at
least one parent to AIDS. About a third of them have lost both
parents. By 2010, Unicef predicts, AIDS will have claimed at
least one of the parents of 15 percent of the region's children
- 20 million in all. |
|
|
Money makes
the...? |
It is difficult
to have a discussion with people in international development
without the refrain of 'if only we had more money we would be a
lot more effective' being sung - loudly on most occasions. It is
a song that communication for development folks sing with
particular gusto. For some reason we are [or think we are] the
bottom of the funding fund chain. |
|
|
Money matters-financing the global epidemic |
Presentation—The sectoral Impact: what we know, don’t know and
need to know: the true cost of AIDS |
Pdf 295 kb |
|
Negotiating Power and Profitability of HIV/AIDS in South Africa |
For many
South Africans affected with HIV/AIDS, the decision to contest
and resist their institutionalization has led to direct conflict
with state elites and an array of public and private
organizations who seek to represent them inside a neo-liberal
framework |
Pdf 562 kb |
|
Overview of the Impact & best responses. |
Impact and best
practice response in favour of children in a world affected by
HIV/AIDS |
261 kb pdf |
|
PLAGUES AND DISEASES BUBONIC PLAGUE |
Medieval society never recovered
from the results of the plague. So many people had died that
there were serious labor shortages all over Europe. This led
workers to demand higher wages, but landlords refused those
demands. By the end of the 1300s peasant revolts broke out in
England, France, Belgium and Italy.
The disease
took its toll on the church as well. People throughout
Christendom had prayed devoutly for deliverance from the plague.
Why hadn't those prayers been answered? A new period of
political turmoil and philosophical questioning lay ahead. |
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Poor State of Finance in East Africa |
In developed
market economies, a financial intermediary system takes primary
care of channelling savings to those who need loans and can use
the funds most effectively. In our region, despite the
improvements over the last decade, this intermediation process
has not worked to the levels necessary for sustainable growth
|
|
|
Poor
to get Aids drugs first |
The
impoverished community of KwaDabeka in Durban will be one of the
first pilot sites to receive antiretroviral drugs at its clinic
for HIV-infected patients when KwaZulu- Natal receives its
R720-million grant from the UN Global Fund to Fight Aids, TB and
Malaria. |
|
|
Potential Costs and Benefits of Responding to the Mobility
Aspect of the HIV Epidemic in South East Asia |
This
paper presents a methodology to estimate the costs and potential
benefits of responding to the mobility aspects of the HIV
epidemic in South East Asia. One of the steps in
strengthening the countries’ capabilities for appropriate policy
and programmatic decisions in resource allocation for HIV/AIDS
programmes to reduce mobility related HIV vulnerability, it is
important to have costing information on responses, or lack
thereof, to mobility related factors in HIV prevention &
mitigation of the impact of AIDS |
1098 kb pdf |
|
Potomac Statement on Investment |
There is little
doubt that access to and use of timely and reliable health
information from all sources is essential for ensuring adequate
health system performance in developing countries |
Pdf 117 kb |
|
Poverty and AIDS. |
Looks at the
relation between HIV/AIDS and poverty and tries to say something
about the relationship. |
128 kb pdf |
|
Poverty and Labour Market Markers of HIV+ Households: An
Exploratory Methodological Analysis |
This study,
through an exploratory but promising methodology, provides a
tentative analysis of the relationship between HIV, poverty and
labour markets. The paper illustrates that the relationship
between poverty, labour markets and HIV is not homogenous but
multi-dimensional in character. The analysis examines these
inter-relationships at both the household and individual level.
The key findings from the analysis suggest that imputed HIV
positive women come from poorer households than imputed negative
women |
Pdf 959 kb |
|
Principles for technical support |
Recognize that requests for technical support are not an
admission of failure or poor performance but rather that
technical support is a valuable and measurable investment in
countries’ national, regional and local HIV responses, bringing
added value to programme implementation. |
Pdf 288 kb |
|
Private
Sector Response |
"The Botswana
HIV epidemic is still on the increase, based on the trend
analysis in all sites which seem to have maintained the same
prevalence over the last 2-4 years. This indicates that the
epidemic is still growing and is bound to wipe out all the
current economic achievements and also change the demographic
profile of the country." |
785 kb PDF |
|
Private Sector Response to AIDS |
This report
presents a detailed analysis of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the
private sector, by focusing on costs imposed on the private
sector as a result of increased illness and deaths from AIDS.
The report also discusses the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices
of businesses in the area of HIV/AIDS at the workplace.
|
279 kb PDF |
|
Public Safety
Nets |
Helping to
reduce vulnerability poses a new set of challenges for public
policy. The most immediate challenge is to determine the
appropriate role for public action. |
PDF / 137KB |
|
|
|
Ramatex On
Rack Again |
Filipino workers feel so
strongly about their working conditions that they have sent an
appeal to their government through its South African embassy.
A petition signed by nearly 700
employees cites poor wages, cramped living conditions and health
concerns as their most pressing grievances.
Their concerns peaked last week,
when at least two employees were forced to return to the
Philippines after being declared sick and unfit to work,
assertions they dispute.
A group of about five were told
by the company nurse that they had contracted hepatitis C - a
viral infection of the liver. |
|
|
Relationships between work and HIV/AIDS status |
During the
past decade HIV infection has become a pandemic, affecting
millions of workers. HIV/AIDS in the workplace has made a
decided impact on business and will continue to do so for years.
The objectives of the study were to evaluate the impact of
HIV/AIDS on work and to assess the reasons behind cessation of
occupational activities among HIV-infected persons. |
Pdf 193 |
|
Religious Leaders |
As religious
people there is a call to respond with love to everyone,
especially those who are suffering. People living with HIV/AIDS
have many physical, emotional and spiritual needs. However,
these people are frequently afraid to approach their religious
leaders for fear of facing condemnation, rejection and judgement,
with the result that many lack the spiritual care and support
they need and deserve. |
PDF / 410KB |
|
Researchers fear ultimate toll of hepatitis C may surpass AIDS
|
Between 8,000
and 10,000 people in the U.S. die each year from hepatitis
C-related disease and liver cancer, and another 5,000 are listed
for liver transplants. About 4,000 liver transplants are
performed each year because of hepatitis C, according to the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
But those numbers may double or
even triple over the next decade, Jensen said.
|
|
|
Researchers Project Lifetime Cost and Life Expectancy for
Current HIV Care in the United States |
The authors estimated the monthly medical cost for people with
HIV, from the time of beginning appropriate care until death, to
be $2,100 on average. The projected life expectancy for these
individuals, if they remain in optimal HIV care, has now
increased to 24.2 years, and the lifetime per person HIV care
cost is now $618,900 per person. This amount is comparable to
the estimated lifetime medical cost for women under age 65 in
the U.S. with cardiovascular disease, who can also have long
life expectancies with appropriate medical management. When HIV
care costs are discounted to reflect the fact that they will be
incurred in the future, the projected lifetime cost per person
at the time of entering optimal HIV care is $385,200, and the
treatment expense that can be avoided by preventing each HIV
infection is $303,100. |
|
|
Results: HIV/AIDS |
The UNGASS
Declaration called for a fundamental shift in our response to
HIV/AIDS. No longer perceived as only a health sector concern,
the epidemic is now accepted by the world’s leaders as a global
development challenge of highest priority. The implications of
this shift for the UN system are profound and far-reaching.
Effective support to national HIV/AIDS responses demands that we
fundamentally re-think current plans and programmes; find the
courage to take risks, innovate and expand interventions on a
scale never before achieved; and forthrightly address issues
such as stigma. Discrimination, gender inequality and
inequitable access to prevention, care and treatment |
118 kb pdf |
|
Rethinking AIDS as Social Responsibility |
AIDS control
efforts reflect the best and the worst face of globalization.
How are the dual sides manifest in relation to AIDS and how can
we capitalize on the positive and counter the negative
implications? These are the central concerns while
conceptualizing the workshop. Discussions will be focused on
the issue of creating a conducive macro-environment for: |
|
|
sacred lives |
Previous
studies have shown sexually exploited Aboriginal children and
youth form a disproportionately high percentage of the sex
trade. In some communities in Canada, commercial sexual
exploitation of Aboriginal children and youth forms more than 90
percent of the visible sex trade in areas where the Aboriginal
population is less than 10 percent |
Pdf 818 kb |
|
Satan Triumphant: The Black Death |
Imagine,
that a mere five days after having read this that all of your
best friends have succumbed to an illness which cannot be
explained. Imagine also, that all the residents who live on your
street have died under similar circumstances in the same amount
of time. If you can conceive of such a dreaded act occurring
within your experience than you may have some glimpse into the
mindset of the mid-14th century European who was unfortunate
enough to have experienced the BLACK DEATH. |
|
|
Social and Economic Impacts of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa,
with Specific Reference to Aging |
Knowledge
about HIV and AIDS has increase at a great rate since the first
significant appearance of the disease at the beginning of the
1980s. But complicating factors have also affected distribution
across populations, the way the disease manifests in certain
places, and which groups are at risk. These factors include
migration/mobility, stigma, socio-cultural practices, human
behavioral changes, prostitution, the absence or presence of
education and awareness interventions undertaken by health,
non-governmental and governmental organizations, and the
prevalence rate |
Pdf 189 kb |
|
Social Costs of Occupational Disease and Injury |
“These huge
financial costs are being borne by – and impacting upon –
employers, employees and society,” says Pearce. “And of course
the effects are much more than financial – there are often
significant and long-term social consequences for the injured
and sick people and for their families, workplaces and
communities – and further down the track, the health system, the
Government and the economy. “We must address these costs, and
soon. Every year between 700 and 1,000 people die from
occupational disease and 100 people die from occupational
injury. We also see up to 20,000 cases of new work-related
diseases, and about 200,000 work-related injuries that result in
claims to ACC. This is a huge and unacceptable burden for New
Zealand to bear.” |
|
|
Social Capital |
South African
households live in an environment characterized by risks, and
many face a significant probability of experiencing economic
losses that threaten their daily subsistence. |
PDF / 294KB |
|
SOCIAL CAPITAL, STIGMA AND HIV/AIDS IN THE WORKPLACE: A CASE
STUDY OF THE GAUTENG |
As the world
enters the third decade of the AIDS epidemic, it has spread with
great speed. The epidemic has claimed more than three million
lives in 2003, and an estimated five million people acquired
HIV, bringing to 40 million the number of people globally living
with the virus (United Nations Joint Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS,
2003). According to UNAIDS and the World Health Organization
(WHO) report (2002:16), the annual number of new infections has
remained steady, but it hides dynamic trends in the economy and
population. |
Pdf 237 kb |
|
Social cohesion in relationship to child |
An
understanding of the genetic and biological underpinnings of
child development, while necessary, is an insufficient framework
for understanding the complexity of human development.
|
PDF / 242KB |
|
Socio-economic effects of HIV/AIDS in African countries |
This study
considers the impact on enterprises. The most notable negative
effect has been the decline in labour supply and loss in
productivity because of absenteeism, while the effect on capital
appears less certain. Many of these effects are greater for
small businesses that are dependent on a few key persons and
therefore will be particularly vulnerable. Foreign direct
investment is likely to decline because of the economic
uncertainties created by the epidemic. Declining economic
growth will mean that the demand for domestic goods will be hit. |
374 kb pdf |
|
Social Inequalities & infectious diseases |
Although many
who study emerging infections subscribe to
social-production-of-disease theories, few have examined the
contribution of social inequalities to disease emergence. Yet
such inequalities have powerfully sculpted not only the
distribution of infectious diseases, but also the course of
disease in those affected. |
Pdf 217 kb |
|
Social movements:
'ultra-left' or 'global citizens' |
Recently, Napwa
began a campaign of protests and civil disobedience over the
price of AIDS drugs and discrimination against HIV/AIDS
sufferers, beginning with a fast outside the Midrand offices of
Glaxo Smith Kline and an attempted sit-in at the Pharmaceutical
Manufacturer's Association's offices, which resulted in arrests.
|
|
|
Social sector |
Although the
broad definition of the ‘social sector’ is the provision of any
public goods, including education, health, and housing, for the
purposes of this AIDS Brief the concept will be limited to the
delivery of welfare. “Welfare” is commonly understood to
include the provision of personal social services, institutional
care, and state social assistance in the form of a variety of
pensions and grants |
Pdf 405 kb |
|
Social Workers |
The HIV/AIDS
epidemic is having a major impact at all levels of society, from
the individual to the macro-economic. At the micro-level the
impact is particularly devastating, not only for the the
individual who is infected, but also for his or her family and
the wider community. |
PDF / 440KB |
|
Socio-Economic Causes and Consequences of HIV/AIDS: A Focus on
South Asia |
HIV/AIDS is a
major development challenge with implications beyond the health
sector. Socio-economic factors such as gender inequality,
poverty and livelihood issues, which are key causes of high
mobility and migration of people and trafficking of women and
children, also contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS, and are, in
turn exacerbated by it. These factors operate within the legal
and ethical environment, which also influences responses to the
HIV-affected. |
|
|
Socio-economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on People Living with HIV/AIDS
and their Families |
The
deteriorating economic impact on the PLWHA is also shocking…The
number is increasing and now we are about 10% of the global HIV
population…We shall make mistake if we don’t take these findings
seriously and strengthen out responses to HIV/AIDS |
339 kb pdf |
|
Socio-economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on children in a Low
Prevalence Context |
HIV/AIDS
appeared to have a strong impact on self-perception, emotional
stability and the construction of individual and family
identities, among adults as well as among children.
|
92 kb PDF |
|
The AIDS Pandemic in the 21st Century
(Large report-increase download time) |
Although the
full demographic impact is not expected to be felt for several
more years, and perhaps will not be completely measured at the
pandemic’s epicenter in Sub-Saharan Africa, the emerging
downward trends in life expectancy and population growth, the
distortions in age structures, and the breakdowns in support
systems are already being seen in some countries. |
Pdf 2123 kb |
|
THE BLACK DEATH
AND ITS EFFECT ON THE HISTORY AND SOCIALIZATION OF THE WESTERN
WORLD |
The Black Death
of 1346 - 1348 and its relation to historical change is not one
of direct cause but of contributory effect. The disease helped
cause historic and social change, but the change (especially in
economic systems) was not initiated by the historical event
known as the Black Death but accelerated by it. |
|
|
The Black Death |
Different
parts of the oriental world have been mentioned as the probable
locality of the first appearance of the plague or pestilence
known as the "black death," but its origin is most generally
referred to China, where, at all events, it raged violently
about 1333, when it was accompanied at its outbreak by
terrestrial and atmospheric phenomena of a destructive
character, such as are said to have attended the first
appearance of Asiatic cholera and other spreading and deadly
diseases; from which it has been conjectured that through these
convulsions deleterious foreign substances may have been
projected into the atmosphere. |
|
|
The
Black Death's lasting impact on British society |
The long term
effects of the Black Death (1348-50) were devastating and far
reaching. Agriculture, religion, economics and even social class
were affected. Professor Tom James examines the impact of the
plague from contemporary accounts and asks, would things ever be
the same again? |
|
|
The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early
Renaissance Europe. |
Histories of the disease of the past led to an unprecedented
international scientific response on the one hand, but on the
other, it led to a delay in the discovery of the modern plague’s
epidemiology. Cohn cites case after case where scientists were
aware of the distinctions in the diseases’ microbiology but went
to almost ridiculous links to ‘square the circle’, maintaining
the fallacy. Time and again scientists such as Manson, Hankin
and Hirst confronted the difficult issues of speed of
transmission and viability of contagion, but allowed the
historical past to accompany them into the laboratory.
|
|
|
The Bubonic Plague (AKA "Black Death") |
The global
epidemic, or "Black Death," that most associate with medieval
Europe actually began in central Asia in the early 14th century,
probably near China's Gobi Desert. It then spread through
China, killing approximately 35 million people. For reasons
unknown (perhaps global cooling allowed it to thrive), the
plague began a massive outbreak in all directions that
eventually affected most of the world. It spread along Chinese
trade routes and reached Europe in October 1347 when a fleet of
Genoese merchant ships from Caffa landed in Sicily. |
|
|
The
Co-infection of HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B and C: The
Socio-Economic Impact - State of Florida |
This paper
seeks to ascertain the rate of co-infection that exists in
Florida, gaps in treatment, a projection of future costs for how
this is effecting HIV prevention and care activities throughout
Florida, and a projection of future financial impact. A short
history, epidemiological information, treatment theories, and
associated costs are presented for HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C,
and co-infections between them. A survey was administered to
providers from both the public and private sector to achieve a
realistic perspective on hepatitis outreach, testing, and
treatment. |
|
|
The Economic Costs of Infectious Diseases |
The
economic cost of infectious disease outbreaks are
increasingly becoming a global concern. Estimates on the
cost of the SARS outbreak range from US$10 billion to
US$30 billion. This can be compared to the 1994
locally-contained outbreak of plague in Surat, India,
estimated to cost of US$2 billion and the 1997 Avian Flu
in Hong Kong estimated to have cost hundreds of millions
of dollars in lost poultry production, commerce and
tourism. |
|
|
The Economic Impact of AIDS in Nigeria |
AIDS
has the potential to create severe economic impacts in many
African countries. It is different from most other disease
because it strikes people in the most productive are groups and
is essentially 100 percent fatal. The effects will vary
according to the severity of the AIDS epidemic and the structure
of the national economies. The two major economic effects
are a reduction in the labor supply and increased costs |
187 kb pdf |
|
The Economic Impact of AIDS in South Africa |
AIDS
has the potential to create severe economic impacts in
many African countries. It is different from most other
diseases because it strikes people in the most
productive age groups and is essentially 100 percent
fatal. The effects will vary according to the severity
of the AIDS epidemic and the structure of the national
economies. |
Pdf 251 kb |
|
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AIDS IN THE United States
|
Because of the virulence and deadliness of the disease,
which has generally required acute hospital care,
serious concerns about its impact on health care costs
were raised almost from the beginning. Yet only in the
past three or four years have some data on its costs
become available from a number of studies that have
estimated the economic impact of AIDS. Even now, serious
data gaps remain. Because we appear to have reached the
end of the first phase of the medical management of
AIDS, with its heavy reliance on inpatient hospital
care, it is timely now to review the studies and
estimates relating to the costs of the epidemic and its
economic impact that have been made to date. |
Pdf 137 kb |
|
|
The
Black Death is the name later given to the epidemic of
plague that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351. The
disaster affected all aspects of life. Depopulation and
shortage of labor hastened changes already inherent in
the rural economy; the substitution of wages for labor
services was accelerated, and social stratification
became less rigid. Psychological morbidity affected the
arts; in religion, the lack of educated personnel among
the clergy gravely reduced the intellectual vigor of the
church. |
|
|
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Retailers
|
A scan
of press releases and research reports relating to
HIV/AIDS and the retail sector reveals one simple truth…
Retailers have done very little to protect themselves
against the harmful effects of the epidemic. The
business community and general population typically have
the same attitude towards the threat of HIV/AIDS. There
is denial amongst those most at risk, refusal to talk
openly about the issues and safeguards. Most individuals
prefer not to know the full extent of the problem and
there is a general failure to change behaviour and
recognise that each institution is as vulnerable as the
next. It is important that retailers identify the impact
that HIV/AIDS will have on an individual business. An
effective response to the epidemic can only be achieved
by convincing all stakeholders of the severity of the
problem. A greater understanding of the impact is also
required in developing an appropriate response to the
epidemic. |
Pdf 306 kb |
|
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Health System and Child Health |
This
study finds that HIV/AIDS has generated a substantial
increase in the overall burden of disease, crowded out
the health resources assigned to the care of traditional
sicknesses, directed most of the additional demand
for care at the secondary and tertiary levels thus
causing a congestion at these levels while weakening
primary health care, including the programs targeted at
children and mothers, caused a substantial increase in
health expenditure that was financed by the households
in poor countries and by the public sector in the middle
income ones and eroded the delivery capacity of the
whole health sector due to mounting infection rates
among the staff and falling expenditure on fixed
investment and maintenance. As for the impact on U5MR,
the evidence shows that countries with high HIV
prevalence rates, a high coverage of child health
services and low U5MR in the pre-AIDS era, there was a
marked reversal of the declining trend in child
mortality. |
Pdf 153 kb |
|
|
|
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Health Service Personnel at Two Public
Hospitals in Johannesburg |
It is general knowledge that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is
adversely affecting the South-African population.
Public servants are responsible for providing services
to all sectors of society. In the same way that
educators are critical to the schooling of South
Africa’s youth, health workers are critical to the
implementation of a successful public health response to
the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa, and yet they may
be as susceptible to this epidemic as the general
population.
In the wake of health care staff shortages in the public
sector and increased levels of morbidity and mortality
within the general population due to AIDS. Concern over
the readiness of the public health sector to deal with
the increasing patient burden has prompted stakeholders
to want to ascertain the impact of HIV/AIDS on public
healthcare personnel in order to formulate a proper
response and anticipate the future demand for this
segment of the workforce. For this reason, our research
team carried out an HIV sero-prevalence study among
voluntary participants at Helen Joseph and Coronation
Hospitals in Johannesburg, South Africa. Additionally,
blood samples found to be HIV positive were further
tested to measure the CD4 cell count. Knowledge of the
CD4 cell distribution provides an indication of what
percentage of workers are at increased risk of
opportunistic infections, such as tuberculosis, and what
percentage of workers have AIDS and would likely need to
receive antiretroviral therapy. |
|
|
The Impact of HIV and AIDS on Children, Families and
Communities: |
While
recent scientific efforts have resulted in a series of
discoveries and advances in understanding and
controlling the virus that causes AIDS, this progress
has had limited impact on the majority of HIV infected
people and populations living in developing countries.
The social and economic conditions that nurture the
spread of the virus have to be confronted as essential
elements in local and global efforts to stem its spread
and create effective solutions to halt the epidemic. The
current demographics of the epidemic illustrate that
this is particularly true of the conditions of human
life during childhood |
|
|
The Effects of The Black Death on the Economic and Social Life
of Europe |
The
Black Death is the name later given to the epidemic of
plague that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351. The
disaster affected all aspects of life. Depopulation and
shortage of labor hastened changes already inherent in
the rural economy; the substitution of wages for labor
services was accelerated, and social stratification
became less rigid. Psychological morbidity affected the
arts; in religion, the lack of educated personnel among
the clergy gravely reduced the intellectual vigor of the
church. |
|
|
The Impact of HIV/AIDS in Zambia: Industry and the Public
Sectors |
The
author notes that the impact of HIV infection on a
primary industry such as mining in Zambia will be shaped
by numerous factors that are different from what is
known in the industrialised countries that have mining
industries. He discusses the possible impact of HIV
infection and AIDS on mining on the Copperbelt Province
of Zambia. The findings show that the impact of HIV/AIDS
on the Zambian economy is difficult to quantify.
However, the mining industry will have more expenses to
take care of in terms of health and social services for
its miners. It was also noted that the only way to avoid
this would be to recruit only those who are free from
HIV and to routinely screen all miners at frequent
intervals and terminate the services of all who are
infected |
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The impact of HIV/AIDS on Business in China
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The
well-documented increase in labor costs brought on by
the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa and Southeast Asia
indicate what companies operating in China may face in
the future. Many people who contract HIV are unaware
that they are ill and work for several years before
their health begins to decline. The impact of HIV/AIDS
first hits businesses when a worker's absenteeism
increases and may be particularly severe for companies
that employ skilled workers. A study in Beijing
conducted between 1994 and 1999 found that HIV-infected
people spent an average of 89.6 days per year in the
hospital and made an additional 2.7 outpatient visits
per year. Because of the highly personal nature of
Chinese business relationships, moreover, the absence of
key workers may amplify the impact of HIV/AIDS.
Compounding matters, healthy employees often contribute
to worker absenteeism rates when they take time off to
care for HIV-infected family members. When workers are
absent, remaining employees take on extra work, which
results in higher overtime costs and workplace stress.
Workers and their families may also demand death
benefits, funeral expenses, and bereavement leave,
further raising the costs of business for employers. |
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The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Issues in Kwazulu-Natal Province
South Africa |
This
report presents the findings of a preliminary study into
the link between HIV/AIDS and land issues in customary
tenure areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The term
‘land issues’ is understood broadly to include three
main dimensions, namely land use, land rights, and land
administration. |
1125 kb pdf |
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The Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Education Sector in Southern
Africa |
Since
the onset of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa the virus has
killed approximately 15 million people, and it is estimated that
another 25 million people are infected, representing almost
three-fourths of the world's HIV infections. AIDS morbidity and
mortality is concentrated among working-age individuals,
resulting in a devastating impact on human capital resources in
the world's most affected countries. The education system, which
is the primary mechanism for the development of the future human
resources, has not been spared the effects of the epidemic. Not
only are enrollments declining as AIDS orphans can no longer
afford to attend school, but the loss of teachers and even
education administrators to the illness is undermining the very
structure of education systems in sub- Saharan Africa. |
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We offer a monthly newsletter dealing with
the various issues surrounding infectious diseases. To
find out more click
HERE. |
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The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Population Growth in Africa |
When it was
first recognized that AIDS would be a critical global health
problem and that many nations in Africa would be particularly
hard hit by the disease, there was speculation that AIDS might
ultimately lead to population decline in many countries.
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The Impact on Economic Growth in Africa of Rising Costs
and Labor Productivity Losses Associated with HIV/AIDS |
This
paper analyzes the impact of HIV/AIDS using a model of economic
retrogression. Derived from reversing direction in an endogenous
growth framework, the model provides a fresh perspective of the
impact of HIV/AIDS on economic growth. Many analysts have now
recognized that their best estimates of the effect of the
epidemic have been systematically understated. What they have
failed to fully account for is that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has
been having a non-linear effect on economic growth. Our model
incorporates this element by including the feedback to the rate
of economic growth of declining savings and investment due to
rising costs and falling productivity associated with HIV/AIDS. |
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The Macroeconomic Impact |
The macro
economic impact of HIV/AIDS has two dimensions, namely direct
and indirect costs. The latter is much more difficult to
estimate, whilst its effect is also much more profound. This
situation is aggravated by the fact that the portion of the
population most affected by HIV/AIDS is the most economically
active. The result of this is reduced economic growth and hence
pressures on income. This could translate into changes in
expenditure patterns that would definitely have an impact on the
demand for food. Although the per capita income is expected to
increase, it is projected that total expenditure on food will
decrease in 2004 and 2009 in the "With HIV/AIDS" scenario. In
constant 1995 terms, AIDS will cause a reduction in food
expenditure in 2004 from 265,6 million to 258,8 million, while
in 2009 the pandemic will result in a 6,52 per cent reduction
from 294,5 million to 275,3 million |
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The Macroeconomic Impact of HIV/AIDS on the KZN and South
African Economies: Estimates Using Workplace Testing Programme
Data |
Power Point Presentation |
269 kb |
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The National Security Implications of HIV/AIDS
|
Despite the
high-pro. le linking of HIV/AIDS and security, including four
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) meetings and prominent
mention within the United States national security strategy,
critical debate about the ways in which public health interacts
with the security interests of states are scarce in public
health journals. Journals have examined the ways national
security issues, including the recent war in Iraq and the
Israeli–Palestinian con. Ict [3,4], have negatively affected
public health. However, the ways public health affects national
security interests have rarely been considered. It is essential
to examine this debate, including evidence for the links between
HIV/AIDS and national security, from a public health perspective
because of the implications this linkage has for the direction
and funding of global HIV/AIDS efforts. |
Pdf 927 kb |
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The Other Drug War-Public citizen |
This report
shows how the pharmaceutical industry fought last year, like
never before, against the looming threat that Congress and
President Clinton would provide senior citizens with drug
coverage under Medicare. |
318 kb pdf |
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Nearly every major infectious disease has created not one but
two epidemics: the illness itself and society's reaction to it.
Following initial denial there is hysteria and a search for a
scapegoat. The fear of infection and the ignorance of its cause
have often led to uncaring and even barbaric practices. |
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The Private Sector and HIV/AIDS |
These guidelines contain a short general introduction followed
by a set of checklists to be used in contacts with private
sector institutions and actors, such as chambers of commerce,
and national or regional business organisations. The aim is to
integrate HIV/AIDS aspects in private sector development
co-operation and identify possible responses to the epidemic. |
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The
Scope of Injuries as Public Health and Research Problems |
It is
interesting that notions of fault and negligence of individuals
immediately involved in damaging transfers of mechanical,
thermal, chemical, and radiation energy have seldom been applied
to interpersonal transfers of harmful biologic organisms. In
medieval times, persons thought to be carriers of the plague,
but who actually were not, were persecuted and in some instances
murdered.(2) But in modern times people seldom if ever think of
suing someone who conveys bacteria or viruses that result in
disease. Surely the person who knowingly has a disease that is
transmitted by sneezing in crowds, kissing, sexual intercourse,
or whatever and who then infects others by engaging in those
activities is no less negligent than the alcoholic who drives
while intoxicated and injures someone. Why do we believe that
the latter is somehow more subject to control by legalistic
fault finding and punishment than the former? Infectious-disease
epidemiologists seldom if ever concern themselves with blame
assignment, although carriers of the more serious diseases may
be pursued by public-health physicians for the purpose of
treating the disease and stopping the chain of transmission. Yet
the primary purpose of police and often of expert investigation
of car crashes is to assign fault in reports or to testify in
lawsuits for damages. |
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The Status and Trends of HIV Epidemic |
a team of
internationally recognized technical specialists in
epidemiology, modelling, economics, demography, public health,
and international development was formed to monitor the dynamics
of the HIV/AIDS pandemic and various regional epidemics.
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To What Extent the Socio-economic Changes Affect the Health
Status of Children? |
This study
aims to investigate the causal-effect relationships, which could
potentially explain the changes in the health status of children
as a consequence of the economic crisis. In order to broaden the
perspectives in which to look at these inherent characteristics,
two types of outcome indicators representing the health status
of children are employed in this study. They include
self-reported child morbidity indicator, which is represented by
the occurrence of child illness during the time span of the
study, and a measured anthropometric indicator related to the
prevalence cases of wasting in children. The inclusions of both
indicators are deliberate, so as to highlight and discuss any
differences that might arise due to the issues of reliability
and systematic bias involved in the data being utilised. |
Pdf 316 kb |
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Viewing HIV/AIDS from a development perspective |
One of the major
development challenges we face is that of tackling the growing
HIV/AIDS pandemic. The pandemic is not just a public health
issue but has implications far beyond the health sector. This
makes it necessary – more than ever before – to adopt a
participatory and holistic approach towards halting the spread
of the pandemic. Promoting partnerships and collaboration among
different State and non-State actors will have to be an
important element of this approach. |
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Ukraine-socio-economic impact |
The research
reported here was undertaken in 1997-8 and describes the
potential medium to long-term social and economic impact of an
HIV/AIDS epidemic in Ukraine. |
PDF / 95KB |
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UN Facts
and Figures |
According to
estimates by UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/
AIDS, more than 3 million children and young people worldwide
became infected with HIV in 1998. This included almost 590 000
children under 15 and over 2.5 million 15-24 year olds. During
1998, more than 8500 children and young people became infected
with HIV each day - six every minute. |
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Unhealthy People are Poor People…and vice versa |
Poverty has
adverse consequences on health through many different channels.
First, and most obviously, poor people (and poor countries) do
not have the material resources, the money necessary to buy
health care: they cannot afford prevention before the disease
appears and they cannot afford doctors and medicines once the
disease has appeared. |
199 kb pdf |
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UNICEF report on Africa's orphaned generations
|
Today, over 11
million children under the age of 15 living in sub- Saharan
Africa have been robbed of one or both parents by HIV/Aids.
Seven years from now, the number is expected to have grown to 20
million. At that point, anywhere from 15 per cent to over 25 per
cent of the children in a dozen sub-Saharan African countries
will be orphans - the vast majority of them will have been
orphaned by HIV/AIDS. |
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UN's envoy to convey Enormity of Food/AIDS Crisis |
UN Secretary
General's special envoy for Humanitarian Needs in Southern
Africa, James Morris, completed a tour of four countries in the
region and said the HIV/Aids pandemic was threatening the very
future of nations. One president told him: "My country is on the
verge of extinction." |
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We have AIDS-
Access to Medication and care
AIDS and the Marketplace
Choking the seeds of learning
Compassion in the Midst of crisis
Food Security Spiral
The Role of Gender
Youth…part of the Solution |
How can a
country that cannot afford to feed its own people and assure
them of food security, spend money on medication and care?
Most of the 40
million people infected with HIV are in the prime of their
working lives. The effects are momentous—not just on workers
and their families, but on enterprises and entire national and
regional economies. AIDS has become a crucial workplace issue
and a massive development challenge.”
In the most
affected countries, the loss of teachers due to AIDS is expected
to outstrip the ability of training colleges to provide new
qualified teachers.
Many of us
don’t even know someone personally who is infected with HIV or
AIDS, even though there are a lot of people suffering with the
disease in out neighborhoods and even in our churches
Food security,
described as your-round access to sufficient food of appropriate
nutritional value, is a basic human need. It is dependent on
availability, stability, and accessibility of food supplies.
All of these are diminished when HIV/AIDS enters a community
The relative
lack of power that women experience and conditions of poverty go
hand in hand with behaviors to create the conditions ripe for a
high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in women.
Tanzanian girls are taught to
submit to men, so if a man asks them for sex they feel that they
cannot refuse or even insist on protecting themselves. |
780 kb pdf
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771 lb pdf
153 kb pdf |
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We have no food,
no work and no money |
"We have no
food, no work and no money. How are we supposed to feed our
families now?" asked Mathews Sibanda. "If you walk around here,
you will see that the stomachs of children are growing bigger
and swollen by malnutrition. |
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Wealth Alone does not Buy Health-State Capacity, Democracy, and
the Spread of AIDS |
In this
paper- it considers how a variety of domestic factors influence
HIV infection rates across countries. We argue that states with
higher state capacity lend to slow down the spread of HIV/AIDS
epidemic. Moreover, we argue that democracies tend to be more
responsive to the needs of the population and can be more
efficient in curtailing the spread of HIV/AIDS. |
Pdf 443 kb |
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Welfare
implications |
The paper
examines the changes and welfare implications of income
diversification in Zimbabwe following macroeconomic policy
changes |
PDF / 297KB |
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What
have we learned-HIV |
In every
possible way the essential public health trusts between
authorities, science, medicine and the global populace were
violated during the 1994 plague outbreak in India |
PDF 74KB |
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When Family Members just can't Understand |
There are
probably few things in life that are more hurtful than being
rejected by family members when we need them most.
Unfortunately, many patients find that a diagnosis of hepatitis
C not only causes friends to scatter, but also contributes to
some families literally splitting apart. Hep C is a disease that
no one truly understands, nor do we have much control over what
it does to us. Sure, we can learn to live with it and alleviate
some of its symptoms, but we still have no control over how
others see us or how they'll act towards us. Hepatitis C is a
disease with so much misleading information that it leaves us
wide open to criticism from family members who either can't or
won't try to understand. Because we "don't look sick" it's easy
for them to forget that we are. Pain and discomfort aren't
always obvious on the surface, but this sure doesn't mean that
they aren't real. |
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WHO-classification of disability |
ICF describes
how people live with their health conditions. ICF is a
classification of health and health-related domains that
describe body functions and structures, activities and
participation. |
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Women and Girls Bear the Burden in ZIMBABWE |
“I first knew
of my HIV status when my husband got ill. We both went for HIV
testing and we were counseled and given our results. We were
both found HIV positive,” recalls the 35-year-old mother of
three. “My husband got worse and finally died late last year.
His relatives insisted that I should be inherited by one of his
brothers. This is when I decided to tell them that I was HIV
positive and that my husband had died of AIDS.” |
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World Bank accelerating Response to AIDS in the Caribbean |
Partnerships
are needed to stem the epidemic, as individual countries do not
have the financial means. The population in the region is highly
mobile, travelling extensively within the region, which
exacerbates the epidemic's risks. |
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World Bank Pledges $50 Million for AIDS |
many
organisations were willing to donate funds to fight the spread
of the pandemic and assisting the affected and infected "but we
do not have the capacity to spend the money".
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World Bank says AIDS worst Economic Evil |
"The irony of
AIDS is that it is striking the middle age group which
constitutes the majority of the productive workforce. This is
bringing a lot of pressure to economies at national and
household level," |
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World Bank supports Pakistanis Effort in AIDS Prevention |
Currently, the
HIV prevalence rate in Pakistan is less than 0.1 percent. While
the numbers remain relatively low, a failure to actively prevent
HIV/AIDS in Pakistan could lead to a widespread epidemic.
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Worse Than the World Bank |
Bankers are
always very secretive about the precise structuring of their
deals, but essentially the strategy is simple. The key is to get
as high a return as possible, while palming the risk off on
somebody else. That is why you should never listen when people
tell you that export credit agencies are...dinosaurs. What could
be nicer in times of turmoil than having the risk picked up by
the taxpayer? |
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