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“The only thing necessary for these diseases to the triumph is for good people and governments to do nothing.”

 

Socio-Economic Issues

Main topics can be found within the left column; sub-topics and/or research reports can be found near the bottom of this page.  Thank you

    
     

A new addition to the HEART is our Forum-check it out

The combination of both HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C (these diseases) will eventually change the structure of families to the way governments conduct business. With these diseases (they) are causing a reduction in the work force and resulting in a massive brain drain for current and future generations. As more people become ill with either disease, they become less productive and their economic resources are spent on medical care. Because they are only focusing on basic needs (shelter, food, and medicine) they are not purchasing non-essential or luxury goods and services. This change in purchases causes a dramatic change in the economic structure of their respective society. The resulting effect on non-infected people will be that they will have to pay more money for goods and services, and will have to pay higher taxes if they want the government to maintain the same level of services as it did in the past.

A report from the CIA states that these diseases will have:

·         A destabilizing Political and Security Impact- In our view, the infectious disease burden will add to political instability and slow democratic development in Sub-Saharan Africa, parts of Asia, and the former Soviet Union, while also increasing political tensions in and among some developed countries.

·         The severe social and economic impact of infectious diseases and the infiltration of these diseases into the ruling political and military elites and middle classes of developing countries are likely to intensify the struggle for political power to control scarce state resources. This will hamper the development of a civil society and other underpinnings of democracy and will increase pressure on democratic transitions in regions such as the FSU and Sub-Saharan Africa where the infectious disease burden will add to economic misery and political polarization.

·         Family Structure. The degradation of nuclear and extended families across all classes will produce severe social and economic dislocations with political consequences.

·         Microeconomic Impact-The impact of infectious diseases at the sector and firm level already appears to be substantial and growing and will be reflected eventually in higher GDP losses, especially in the more advanced developing countries with specialized work force needs.

·         Threats to Deployed Military Forces--Deployed US military forces have historically experienced higher rates of hospital admission from infectious diseases than from battlefield combat and noncombatant injuries. In addition to disease transmission between deployed troops and indigenous populations, warfare-related social disruption often creates refugees and internally displaced persons that can pass infections along to US military forces. Allied coalition forces may themselves bring infectious diseases into an area for the first time and transmit them to US forces and the indigenous population.

 

ADDITIONAL ARTICLES:

Document Name & Link to Document

Description

File Size/pdf

Macroeconomic Impact of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia

In this paper, a small macroeconomietric model of Ethiopia is used to simulate the macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia.  The model is set up in aggregate demand and supply framework and the individual equations in the model are estimated in an ECM format using the Jobansen approach in view of the time series properties of the macro-time series variables.  The simulation result shows that the prevalence of HIV/AIDS has a negative impact on the overall economy through lowering the active labour force.  The decline in the labour force has a direct negative impact on both the  output of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors that would lead to the fall in private consumption, investment, exports and government tax revenue.  The slow down of the economy would also be strengthened with the fall in imports due to the decline in exports and hence the shrinking down of the importing capacity.

200 kb pdf

Macroeconomic Models of the Impact of HIV/AIDS Major differences of opinion are emerging in assessments of the socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS in heavily affected countries between the experiences of those who are devising practical responses to the pandemic, and forecasts based on macroeconomic modeling. 176 kb pdf

Measuring Capacity Building

Capacity building has become central to USAID health sector assistance strategies.  Experience suggest that achieving better health outcomes requires both an injection of resources and adequate local capacity to use those resources effectively

Pdf 135 kb

Measuring Economic Impact of AIDS

the epidemic's effects on food and livelihood security of rural residents are still inadequately understood. Part of the problem is that comprehensive tools to measure such effects of the epidemic have not been fully developed.

 

Meeting-The Challenge

The acute labour shortage created by HIV/AIDS and its severe consequences for agriculture production and food security of rural households has been well documents. This study tries to show measures to reduce this problem.

461 kb PDF

Meeting-The Global Challenge of HIV/AIDS

More people have dies from HIV/AIDS over the last twenty years than from any other disease in human history.  The devastation caused by the epidemic poses a clear and direct challenge to long-term US economic and security interests AIDS is devastating whole societies and economies, depriving countries of the educated and skilled individuals required to build democratic governments, professional militaries, and free market economies

594 kb pdf

Millions of AIDS Orphans Strain Southern Africa

The United Nations Children's Fund estimates in a new report that 11 million children under 15 in sub-Saharan Africa have lost at least one parent to AIDS. About a third of them have lost both parents. By 2010, Unicef predicts, AIDS will have claimed at least one of the parents of 15 percent of the region's children - 20 million in all.

 

Money makes the...?

It is difficult to have a discussion with people in international development without the refrain of 'if only we had more money we would be a lot more effective' being sung - loudly on most occasions. It is a song that communication for development folks sing with particular gusto. For some reason we are [or think we are] the bottom of the funding fund chain.

 

Money matters-financing the global epidemic

Presentation—The sectoral Impact: what we know, don’t know and need to know: the true cost of AIDS

Pdf 295 kb

Negotiating Power and Profitability of HIV/AIDS in South Africa For many South Africans affected with HIV/AIDS, the decision to contest and resist their institutionalization has led to direct conflict with state elites and an array of public and private organizations who seek to represent them inside a neo-liberal framework Pdf 562 kb

Overview of the Impact & best responses.

Impact and best practice response in favour of children in a world affected by HIV/AIDS

261 kb pdf

PLAGUES AND DISEASES BUBONIC PLAGUE

Medieval society never recovered from the results of the plague. So many people had died that there were serious labor shortages all over Europe. This led workers to demand higher wages, but landlords refused those demands. By the end of the 1300s peasant revolts broke out in England, France, Belgium and Italy.

The disease took its toll on the church as well. People throughout Christendom had prayed devoutly for deliverance from the plague. Why hadn't those prayers been answered? A new period of political turmoil and philosophical questioning lay ahead.
 

Poor State of Finance in East Africa

In developed market economies, a financial intermediary system takes primary care of channelling savings to those who need loans and can use the funds most effectively. In our region, despite the improvements over the last decade, this intermediation process has not worked to the levels necessary for sustainable growth

 

Poor to get Aids drugs first

The impoverished community of KwaDabeka in Durban will be one of the first pilot sites to receive antiretroviral drugs at its clinic for HIV-infected patients when KwaZulu- Natal receives its R720-million grant from the UN Global Fund to Fight Aids, TB and Malaria.

 

Potential Costs and Benefits of Responding to the Mobility Aspect of the HIV Epidemic in South East Asia This paper presents a methodology to estimate the costs and potential benefits of responding to the mobility aspects of the HIV epidemic in South East Asia.  One of the steps in strengthening the countries’ capabilities for appropriate policy and programmatic decisions in resource allocation for HIV/AIDS programmes to reduce mobility related HIV vulnerability, it is important to have costing information on responses, or lack thereof, to mobility related factors in HIV prevention & mitigation of the impact of AIDS 1098 kb pdf

Potomac Statement on Investment

There is little doubt that access to and use of timely and reliable health information from all sources is essential for ensuring adequate health system performance in developing countries

Pdf 117 kb

Poverty and AIDS.

Looks at the relation between HIV/AIDS and poverty and tries to say something about the relationship.

128 kb pdf

Poverty and Labour Market Markers of HIV+ Households: An Exploratory Methodological Analysis This study, through an exploratory but promising methodology, provides a tentative analysis of the relationship between HIV, poverty and labour markets.  The paper illustrates that the relationship between poverty, labour markets and HIV is not homogenous but multi-dimensional in character.  The analysis examines these inter-relationships at both the household and individual level.  The key findings from the analysis suggest that imputed HIV positive women come from poorer households than imputed negative women Pdf 959 kb

Private Sector Response

"The Botswana HIV epidemic is still on the increase, based on the trend analysis in all sites which seem to have maintained the same prevalence over the last 2-4 years. This indicates that the epidemic is still growing and is bound to wipe out all the current economic achievements and also change the demographic profile of the country."

785 kb PDF

Private Sector Response to AIDS

This report presents a detailed analysis of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the private sector, by focusing on costs imposed on the private sector as a result of increased illness and deaths from AIDS. The report also discusses the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of businesses in the area of HIV/AIDS at the workplace.

279 kb PDF

    

Public Safety Nets

Helping to reduce vulnerability poses a new set of challenges for public policy. The most immediate challenge is to determine the appropriate role for public action.

PDF / 137KB

Ramatex On Rack Again

Filipino workers feel so strongly about their working conditions that they have sent an appeal to their government through its South African embassy.

A petition signed by nearly 700 employees cites poor wages, cramped living conditions and health concerns as their most pressing grievances.

Their concerns peaked last week, when at least two employees were forced to return to the Philippines after being declared sick and unfit to work, assertions they dispute.

A group of about five were told by the company nurse that they had contracted hepatitis C - a viral infection of the liver.

 

Relationships between work and HIV/AIDS status During the past decade HIV infection has become a pandemic, affecting millions of workers. HIV/AIDS in the workplace has made a decided impact on business and will continue to do so for years. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the impact of HIV/AIDS on work and to assess the reasons behind cessation of occupational activities among HIV-infected persons. Pdf 193

Religious Leaders

As religious people there is a call to respond with love to everyone, especially those who are suffering. People living with HIV/AIDS have many physical, emotional and spiritual needs. However, these people are frequently afraid to approach their religious leaders for fear of facing condemnation, rejection and judgement, with the result that many lack the spiritual care and support they need and deserve.

PDF / 410KB

Researchers fear ultimate toll of hepatitis C may surpass AIDS

Between 8,000 and 10,000 people in the U.S. die each year from hepatitis C-related disease and liver cancer, and another 5,000 are listed for liver transplants. About 4,000 liver transplants are performed each year because of hepatitis C, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. But those numbers may double or even triple over the next decade, Jensen said.

 

Results: HIV/AIDS The UNGASS Declaration called for a fundamental shift in our response to HIV/AIDS.  No longer perceived as only a health sector concern, the epidemic is now accepted by the world’s leaders as a global development challenge of highest priority.  The implications of this shift for the UN system are profound and far-reaching.  Effective support to national HIV/AIDS responses demands that we fundamentally re-think current plans and programmes; find the courage to take risks, innovate and expand interventions on a scale never before achieved; and forthrightly address issues such as stigma. Discrimination, gender inequality and inequitable access to prevention, care and treatment 118 kb pdf

Rethinking AIDS as Social Responsibility

AIDS control efforts reflect the best and the worst face of globalization.  How are the dual sides manifest in relation to AIDS and how can we capitalize on the positive and counter the negative implications?  These are the central concerns while conceptualizing the workshop.  Discussions will be focused on the issue of creating a conducive macro-environment for:

 

sacred lives

Previous studies have shown sexually exploited Aboriginal children and youth form a disproportionately high percentage of the sex trade.  In some communities in Canada, commercial sexual exploitation of Aboriginal children and youth forms more than 90 percent of the visible sex trade in areas where the Aboriginal population is less than 10 percent

Pdf 818 kb

Satan Triumphant: The Black Death Imagine, that a mere five days after having read this that all of your best friends have succumbed to an illness which cannot be explained. Imagine also, that all the residents who live on your street have died under similar circumstances in the same amount of time. If you can conceive of such a dreaded act occurring within your experience than you may have some glimpse into the mindset of the mid-14th century European who was unfortunate enough to have experienced the BLACK DEATH.  
Social and Economic Impacts of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, with Specific Reference to Aging Knowledge about HIV and AIDS has increase at a great rate since the first significant appearance of the disease at the beginning of the 1980s.  But complicating factors have also affected distribution across populations, the way the disease manifests in certain places, and which groups are at risk.  These factors include migration/mobility, stigma, socio-cultural practices, human behavioral changes, prostitution, the absence or presence of education and awareness interventions undertaken by health, non-governmental and governmental organizations, and the prevalence rate Pdf 189 kb

Social Capital

South African households live in an environment characterized by risks, and many face a significant probability of experiencing economic losses that threaten their daily subsistence.

PDF / 294KB

SOCIAL CAPITAL, STIGMA AND HIV/AIDS IN THE WORKPLACE: A CASE STUDY OF THE GAUTENG

As the world enters the third decade of the AIDS epidemic, it has spread with great speed. The epidemic has claimed more than three million lives in 2003, and an estimated five million people acquired HIV, bringing to 40 million the number of people globally living with the virus (United Nations Joint Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS, 2003). According to UNAIDS and the World Health Organization (WHO) report (2002:16), the annual number of new infections has remained steady, but it hides dynamic trends in the economy and population. Pdf 237 kb

Social cohesion in relationship to child

An understanding of the genetic and biological underpinnings of child development, while necessary, is an insufficient framework for understanding the complexity of human development.

PDF / 242KB

Socio-economic effects of HIV/AIDS in African countries This study considers the impact on enterprises.  The most notable negative effect has been the decline in labour supply and loss in productivity because of absenteeism, while the effect on capital appears less certain.  Many of these effects are greater for small businesses that are dependent on a few key persons and therefore will be particularly vulnerable.  Foreign direct investment is likely to decline because of the economic uncertainties created by the epidemic.  Declining economic growth will mean that the demand for domestic goods will be hit. 374 kb pdf

Social Inequalities & infectious diseases

Although many who study emerging infections subscribe to social-production-of-disease theories, few have examined the contribution of social inequalities to disease emergence.  Yet such inequalities have powerfully sculpted not only the distribution of infectious diseases, but also the course of disease in those affected.

Pdf 217 kb

Social movements: 'ultra-left' or 'global citizens'

Recently, Napwa began a campaign of protests and civil disobedience over the price of AIDS drugs and discrimination against HIV/AIDS sufferers, beginning with a fast outside the Midrand offices of Glaxo Smith Kline and an attempted sit-in at the Pharmaceutical Manufacturer's Association's offices, which resulted in arrests.

 

Social sector

Although the broad definition of the ‘social sector’ is the provision of any public goods, including education, health, and housing, for the purposes of this AIDS Brief the concept will be limited to the delivery of welfare.  “Welfare” is commonly understood to include the provision of personal social services, institutional care, and state social assistance in the form of a variety of pensions and grants

Pdf 405 kb

Social Workers

The HIV/AIDS epidemic is having a major impact at all levels of society, from the individual to the macro-economic. At the micro-level the impact is particularly devastating, not only for the the individual who is infected, but also for his or her family and the wider community.

PDF / 440KB

Socio-Economic Causes and Consequences of HIV/AIDS: A Focus on South Asia

HIV/AIDS is a major development challenge with implications beyond the health sector. Socio-economic factors such as gender inequality, poverty and livelihood issues, which are key causes of high mobility and migration of people and trafficking of women and children, also contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS, and are, in turn exacerbated by it. These factors operate within the legal and ethical environment, which also influences responses to the HIV-affected.

 

Socio-economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on People Living with HIV/AIDS and their Families The deteriorating economic impact on the PLWHA is also shocking…The number is increasing and now we are about 10% of the global HIV population…We shall make mistake if we don’t take these findings seriously and strengthen out responses to HIV/AIDS 339 kb pdf

Socio-economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on children in a Low Prevalence Context

HIV/AIDS appeared to have a strong impact on self-perception, emotional stability and the construction of individual and family identities, among adults as well as among children.

92 kb PDF

The AIDS Pandemic in the 21st Century

(Large report-increase download time)
Although the full demographic impact is not expected to be felt for several more years, and perhaps will not be completely measured at the pandemic’s epicenter in Sub-Saharan Africa, the emerging downward trends in life expectancy and population growth, the distortions in age structures, and the breakdowns in support systems are already being seen in some countries. Pdf 2123 kb

THE BLACK DEATH AND ITS EFFECT ON THE HISTORY AND SOCIALIZATION OF THE WESTERN WORLD

The Black Death of 1346 - 1348 and its relation to historical change is not one of direct cause but of contributory effect.  The disease helped cause historic and social change, but the change (especially in economic systems) was not initiated by the historical event known as the Black Death but accelerated by it.

 

The Black Death Different parts of the oriental world have been mentioned as the probable locality of the first appearance of the plague or pestilence known as the "black death," but its origin is most generally referred to China, where, at all events, it raged violently about 1333, when it was accompanied at its outbreak by terrestrial and atmospheric phenomena of a destructive character, such as are said to have attended the first appearance of Asiatic cholera and other spreading and deadly diseases; from which it has been conjectured that through these convulsions deleterious foreign substances may have been projected into the atmosphere.  
The Black Death I say, then, that the years of the fruitful Incarnation of the Son of God had attained to the number of one thousand three hundred and forty-eight, when into the notable city of Florence, fair over every other of Italy, there came to death-dealing pestilence, which, through the operation of the heavenly bodies or of our own iniquitous doings, being sent down upon mankind for our correction by the just wrath of God, had some years before appeared in the parts of the East and after having bereft these latter of an innumerable number of inhabitants, extending without cease from one place to another, had now unhappily spread towards the West.  

The Black Death's lasting impact on British society

The long term effects of the Black Death (1348-50) were devastating and far reaching. Agriculture, religion, economics and even social class were affected. Professor Tom James examines the impact of the plague from contemporary accounts and asks, would things ever be the same again?

 

The Bubonic Plague (AKA "Black Death") The global epidemic, or "Black Death," that most associate with medieval Europe actually began in central Asia in the early 14th century, probably near China's Gobi Desert.  It then spread through China, killing approximately 35 million people.  For reasons unknown (perhaps global cooling allowed it to thrive), the plague began a massive outbreak in all directions that eventually affected most of the world.  It spread along Chinese trade routes and reached Europe in October 1347 when a fleet of Genoese merchant ships from Caffa landed in Sicily.  
The Co-infection of HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B and C: The Socio-Economic Impact - State of Florida This paper seeks to ascertain the rate of co-infection that exists in Florida, gaps in treatment, a projection of future costs for how this is effecting HIV prevention and care activities throughout Florida, and a projection of future financial impact.  A short history, epidemiological information, treatment theories, and associated costs are presented for HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C, and co-infections between them.  A survey was administered to providers from both the public and private sector to achieve a realistic perspective on hepatitis outreach, testing, and treatment.   
The Economic Costs of Infectious Diseases The economic cost of infectious disease outbreaks are increasingly becoming a global concern. Estimates on the cost of the SARS outbreak range from US$10 billion to US$30 billion. This can be compared to the 1994 locally-contained outbreak of plague in Surat, India, estimated to cost of US$2 billion and the 1997 Avian Flu in Hong Kong estimated to have cost hundreds of millions of dollars in lost poultry production, commerce and tourism.  
The Economic Impact of AIDS in Nigeria AIDS has the potential to create severe economic impacts in many African countries.  It is different from most other disease because it strikes people in the most productive are groups and is essentially 100 percent fatal.  The effects will vary according to the severity of the AIDS epidemic and the structure of the national economies.  The two major economic effects are a reduction in the labor supply and increased costs 187 kb pdf
The Economic Impact of AIDS in South Africa AIDS has the potential to create severe economic impacts in many African countries.  It is different from most other diseases because it strikes people in the most productive age groups and is essentially 100 percent fatal.  The effects will vary according to the severity of the AIDS epidemic and the structure of the national economies. Pdf 251 kb
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AIDS IN THE United States Because of the virulence and deadliness of the disease, which has generally required acute hospital care, serious concerns about its impact on health care costs were raised almost from the beginning. Yet only in the past three or four years have some data on its costs become available from a number of studies that have estimated the economic impact of AIDS. Even now, serious data gaps remain. Because we appear to have reached the end of the first phase of the medical management of AIDS, with its heavy reliance on inpatient hospital care, it is timely now to review the studies and estimates relating to the costs of the epidemic and its economic impact that have been made to date. Pdf 137 kb

The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Retailers

 

A scan of press releases and research reports relating to HIV/AIDS and the retail sector reveals one simple truth… Retailers have done very little to protect themselves against the harmful effects of the epidemic. The business community and general population typically have the same attitude towards the threat of HIV/AIDS. There is denial amongst those most at risk, refusal to talk openly about the issues and safeguards. Most individuals prefer not to know the full extent of the problem and there is a general failure to change behaviour and recognise that each institution is as vulnerable as the next. It is important that retailers identify the impact that HIV/AIDS will have on an individual business. An effective response to the epidemic can only be achieved by convincing all stakeholders of the severity of the problem. A greater understanding of the impact is also required in developing an appropriate response to the epidemic. Pdf 306 kb
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Health System and Child Health This study finds that HIV/AIDS has generated a substantial increase in the overall burden of disease, crowded out the health resources assigned to the care of traditional sicknesses,  directed most of the additional demand for care at the secondary and tertiary levels thus causing a congestion at these levels while weakening primary health care, including the programs targeted at children and mothers,  caused a substantial increase in health expenditure that was financed by the households in poor countries and by the public sector in the middle income ones and eroded the delivery capacity of the whole health sector due to mounting infection rates among the staff and falling expenditure on fixed investment and maintenance. As for the impact on U5MR, the evidence shows that countries with high HIV prevalence rates, a high coverage of child health services and low U5MR in the pre-AIDS era, there was a marked reversal of the declining trend in child mortality. Pdf 153 kb
The Impact of HIV and AIDS on Children, Families and Communities: While recent scientific efforts have resulted in a series of discoveries and advances in understanding and controlling the virus that causes AIDS, this progress has had limited impact on the majority of HIV infected people and populations living in developing countries. The social and economic conditions that nurture the spread of the virus have to be confronted as essential elements in local and global efforts to stem its spread and create effective solutions to halt the epidemic. The current demographics of the epidemic illustrate that this is particularly true of the conditions of human life during childhood  
The Effects of The Black Death on the Economic and Social Life of Europe The Black Death is the name later given to the epidemic of plague that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351. The disaster affected all aspects of life. Depopulation and shortage of labor hastened changes already inherent in the rural economy; the substitution of wages for labor services was accelerated, and social stratification became less rigid. Psychological morbidity affected the arts; in religion, the lack of educated personnel among the clergy gravely reduced the intellectual vigor of the church.  
The Impact of HIV/AIDS in Zambia: Industry and the Public Sectors The author notes that the impact of HIV infection on a primary industry such as mining in Zambia will be shaped by numerous factors that are different from what is known in the industrialised countries that have mining industries. He discusses the possible impact of HIV infection and AIDS on mining on the Copperbelt Province of Zambia. The findings show that the impact of HIV/AIDS on the Zambian economy is difficult to quantify. However, the mining industry will have more expenses to take care of in terms of health and social services for its miners. It was also noted that the only way to avoid this would be to recruit only those who are free from HIV and to routinely screen all miners at frequent intervals and terminate the services of all who are infected  

The impact of HIV/AIDS on Business in China

 

The well-documented increase in labor costs brought on by the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa and Southeast Asia indicate what companies operating in China may face in the future. Many people who contract HIV are unaware that they are ill and work for several years before their health begins to decline. The impact of HIV/AIDS first hits businesses when a worker's absenteeism increases and may be particularly severe for companies that employ skilled workers. A study in Beijing conducted between 1994 and 1999 found that HIV-infected people spent an average of 89.6 days per year in the hospital and made an additional 2.7 outpatient visits per year. Because of the highly personal nature of Chinese business relationships, moreover, the absence of key workers may amplify the impact of HIV/AIDS. Compounding matters, healthy employees often contribute to worker absenteeism rates when they take time off to care for HIV-infected family members. When workers are absent, remaining employees take on extra work, which results in higher overtime costs and workplace stress. Workers and their families may also demand death benefits, funeral expenses, and bereavement leave, further raising the costs of business for employers.  
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Land Issues in Kwazulu-Natal Province South Africa This report presents the findings of a preliminary study into the link between HIV/AIDS and land issues in customary tenure areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.  The term ‘land issues’ is understood broadly to include three main dimensions, namely land use, land rights, and land administration. 1125 kb pdf