"We live in an uncertain world though science
and technology have achieved more control over the forces of the
nature. We live in a Society that does not work and often appears
to be meaningless and empty and seems to be heading towards disasters.
We claim that a lot of development has taken place. But we have
to look at this process from a different angle, and whether our
developmental process have led to less of uncertainty and insecurity
are more of this. Are we correct in claiming - that this is true
development? Do our developmental process Political, Social or Economic,
more of inequality is less? We know fully well that 'development'
is uneven and unequal, dividing the world as a whole, and societies
and even communities within it, into haves and have-nots. This,
surely creates greater uncertainty and will result in greater insecurity.
The uncertainty is more obvious for the have-nots, for there is
not even certainty of life itself across the country for them. Thousands
of people die of hunger.
The uncertainties born-out of uneven and unequal development are
less obvious for the haves. Until recently the haves could avoid
the uncertainties of inequality by locking their doors, avoiding
unsafe environments, shutting of their gaze from what they do not
wish to see, and withdraw their hands and hearts from things they
regard as of not their concern." Civil Society, Social Accountability
and Governance
"Among adolescents newly infected with HIV, females outnumber
males, with a disproportionate representation from members of minority
or economically disadvantaged groups. Earlier studies have found
that adolescent girls tend to hold common misconceptions about HIV
transmission and to engage in unprotected sexual activity. Researchers
surveyed 129 sexually active women, aged 15 to 19 years, on their
sexual behaviors and their awareness of safe sex practices. The
sample was 56% white, 36% African American, 6% Hispanic, and 2%
Asian, with 34% from economically disadvantaged families and 55%
working at least part-time. The results revealed several areas of
gaps in HIV knowledge: 55% thought that a Pap smear tested for HIV,
30% were not aware that HIV could be transmitted through oral sex,
19% were not aware of transmission through anal sex, 77% believed
oil-based lubricants improved condom effectiveness, and significant
percentages thought that douching, withdrawal during intercourse,
or taking vitamins or antibiotics helped prevent HIV transmission.
More than 40% recognized that they did not routinely practice safe
sex and needed to change their sexual behavior. While most reported
that condoms could help prevent pregnancy, and protect both themselves
and their partners from sexually transmitted disease, 11% thought
the condoms were too much trouble, 16% thought that condoms made
sex feel unnatural, and 5% thought that their partner would get
angry if asked to use a condom. Those girls identified as highest
risk for HIV infection were more often white, older, and with good
knowledge about HIV but little motivation to reduce their risk.
These findings indicate that HIV prevention interventions for girls
need to involve all who are sexually active and to address motivation
to change"
|
A REVIEW OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ON HIV/AIDS |
In studying economic and political settings connected with
high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, social scientists have come to
the conclusion that there is a clear link between levels of
HIV/AIDS and poverty throughout the world. Whilst an
impressive amount of research has been undertaken to study the
impact of the epidemic, less has been achieved in mitigating
its effects of deepening poverty and the rolling back of
development gains. |
|
|
ABC of AIDS
|
Counselling in HIV and AIDS has become a core element in
a holistic model of health care, in which psychological
issues are recognised as integral to patient
management. HIV and AIDS counselling has two
general aims: (1) the prevention of HIV transmission and
(2) the support of those affected directly and
indirectly by HIV. It is vital that HIV
counselling should have these dual aims because
the spread of HIV can be prevented by changes in
behaviour |
|
|
Acute HIV Syndrome |
HIV syndrome is a name for the early stage of HIV
infection, when you first get infected with the HIV virus. HIV
stands for human immunodeficiency virus. These are some of the
symptoms of acute HIV syndrome |
|
|
Adoption Agency Admits HIV Discrimination |
In the first
known case in the country challenging a private adoption
agency’s refusal to provide services to a couple because one of
them is HIV-positive, a new York couple has settled a lawsuit
charging Children of the World, an adoption agency licensed in
new Jersey and new York, with violating federal and state laws
prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities,
including HIV/AIDS. |
103 kb pdf |
|
Agent Summary Statement for Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIVs) |
These
Guidelines are based on combinations of standard and
special practices, equipment, and facilities recommended for
use in working with infectious agents in various laboratory
settings. The recommendations are advisory; they provide a
general code for operating microbiologic and biomedical
laboratories. |
|
|
AIDS
& development in Education sector
|
HIV/AIDS,
an issue not considered in these well intentioned
declarations—it has not been adequately considered in such
development thinking is perhaps not surprising
|
25
kb pdf
|
|
AIDS & Hepatitis Digest |
This paper
is based on a talk given at the meeting of the British HIV
Association and the Medical Society for the Study of
Venereal Diseases in London |
Pdf 461 kb |
|
Aids
activists lose patience with allies
|
The
National Association of People Living with HIV/Aids’s (Napwa)
turned its guns on its allies as the hunger strike by several
of its members ended dramatically this week. They were
arrested after they allegedly forced entry into the
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association’s offices in
Midrand outside Johannesburg.
|
|
|
AIDS
battle reaches new climax in Asia with aggressive condom
policy
|
In an aggressive policy to stem the growing HIV/AIDS
problem, the World Health Organisation (WHO) wants sex workers
in Asia to adopt this
uncompromising
stand when facing clients.
|
|
|
AIDS
LEGAL BIBLIOGRAPHY |
A compilation of articles and books concerning legal issues
surrounding the AIDS Epidemic published before June 11, 1998
|
|
|
AIDS War now enters
church |
Rev.
Heath, an Anglican Priest since 1994 and who became a father
in 1995 and tested HIV+ in 2000 discouraged religious leaders
who still clung to the old myths in the churches that AIDS was
God's punishment for sin. |
|
|
Alan Cantwell, MD On The Man Made Origin Of AIDS |
There
is NO PROOF that AIDS, which first appeared EXCLUSIVELY
in young (primarily white) gay men in Manhattan, came
from Africa. This is yet another myth about AIDS. How
could a supposed black heterosexual African epidemic
transform itself into an EXCLUSIVELY WHITE YOUNG GAY
MENS' DISEASE IN MANHATTAN? In my opinion this is
biologically impossible. Furthermore, there was no
"incubation period" for HIV in America. As soon as the
government-sponsored gay hepatitis B experiment
(1978-1981) ended in Manhattan in 1981 the epidemic
became official. |
|
|
Analysis of Social Aspects of Migrant Labourers Living
with HIV/AIDS |
Migrant workers are more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS than the
local population because of their poverty, lack of power, lack
of health awareness and unstable life-style. The main
reason for taking up this study is that in the state of Tamil
Nadu, migrant labourers constitute the major portion of this
affected with HIV/AIDS. (Rural Taminadu, India) |
1539 kb pdf |
|
Attitudes of General Practitioners Toward Homosexuals in the
Netherlands Antilles |
Power
Point Presentation |
|
|
Barriers to access and effective use of anti-discrimination
remedies for people living with HIV and HCV-Australia
|
This paper
identifies and analyses the barriers to access and use of
anti-discrimination remedies for people living with HIV and
hepatitis C virus. It focuses particularly on the recent
changes and proposed changes to remedies in the Commonwealth
jurisdiction, and any impact these changes many have on the
demand for or use of State remedies. |
Pdf 227 kb |
|
Beijing warns of harsh punishments for hospitals rejecting
AIDS patients |
China
issued earlier last month its first official guidelines on
how to prevent and control the spread of HIV, promising to
protect HIV carriers and AIDS patients from discrimination
and to ensure their marriage, employment, medical care and
education rights.
|
|
|
Big Issues-Scaling up responses to HIV/AIDS |
Stigma
looms large and ominous, shadowing the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
It relates to every HIV intervention, including general
prevention, the prevention of mother-to-child transmission,
anti-retroviral treatment, and care and support for the
patient and family, including children |
Pdf 206 kb |
|
Breaking Down Barriers-Lessons on Providing HIV Treatment to
Injection Drug Users |
Throughout
its 25-year history the HIV pandemic has inflicted its worst
damage on disenfranchised and marginalized populations—such
as injection drug users, sex workers, refugees, asylum
seekers, prisoners, and men who have sex with men.
|
Pdf 811 kb |
|
Care
Givers
|
HIV
disease presents profound challenges to primary caregivers
including adjusting to the care recipient's disease
progression, having increasing responsibilities for decision
making as the disease progresses, responding to unexpected
improvement, having to deal with a virtually uncontrollable
disease, and managing role conflict and fatigue. Caregivers
who are themselves infected with HIV face additional
challenges
|
|
|
Caregivers' Experiences Of Informal Support In The Context Of
HIV/AIDS |
Social
support is an important buffer for family caregivers of people
living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHIV/AIDS). With limited formal
support options, these caregivers have to rely increasingly on
informal networks. Yet, accessing this avenue is also fraught
with difficulty due to the stigmatising nature of HIV
infection. Research in this area is not just not sparse, but
focuses largely on sources of support and the circumscribing
effects of stigma. To further our understanding, a qualitative
study was conducted using various concepts from social support
theory. |
|
|
Children in Need and Blood-borne Viruses: HIV and Hepatitis |
The
emphasis within this guidance is on ensuring that the
particular circumstances of children and their families at
risk of or affected by blood-borne viruses should be
addressed sensitively and positively. The aim is to
encourage professionals involved with children and their
families to work in partnership with them sharing
information and sharing the implications for them. |
Pdf 286 kb |
|
Civil
Society, Social Accountability and Governance
|
We live in an uncertain world though science and technology have
achieved more control over the forces of the nature. We live
in a Society that does not work and often appears to be
meaningless and empty and seems to be heading towards
disasters. We claim that a lot of development has taken place.
|
|
|
Comment: The Link between HIV Infection and Marriage |
With 80
percent of HIV cases worldwide transmitted by sexual
contact, promoting marriage and sexual fidelity would seem
to make sense as a way to limit the spread of AIDS. Yet this
politically popular approach to public health among
conservative policymakers in the United States promotes the
false assumption that within marriage, sex is always
safe-and consequently puts unknowing men and women at
increased risk of infection. This fidelity fallacy holds
enormous implications for the effectiveness of our
government's global AIDS prevention program, where almost
$400 million was spent last year in 15 focus countries for
the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, or PEPFAR. |
|
|
Committing to
Results: Improving the Effectiveness of HIV/AIDS |
In 1981,
only a year after the World Bank began direct lending for
the health sector, the first cases of AIDS were detected,
and by 1985 it was clear that HIV/AIDS had already spread
widely in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. In the two decades
since, knowledge of HIV/AIDS has grown, but the epidemic
continues to spread and erode development gains, not just in
Africa, but in many parts of the world. Through the end of
fiscal year 2004, the Bank had committed $2.5 billion in
lending (of which about $1 billion had disbursed) and
sponsored more than 200 pieces of analytic work to advance
knowledge about the disease in developing countries. OED has
reviewed the Bank’s response to this major threat from the
early days to the present and assessed the effectiveness of
the Bank’s country-level assistance. |
Pdf 1373
kb |
|
Comparative
Welfare States Data Set
|
List
of resources
|
36
kb pdf
|
|
Complications After Liver Transplantation in Children
|
Power
Point Presentation |
Pdf 336 kb |
|
Components of Successful HIV/AIDS Case Management in Alaska
Native Villages |
HIV and
AIDS may have a potentially devastating impact in Alaska
Native villages and it is critical that effective social
service and medical responses be developed that are both
culturally and geographically responsive to this vulnerable
populations |
407 kb pdf |
|
Curtailing
the HIV Epidemic: The Power of Prevention
|
Since
1990, the total number of HIV infections increased tenfold -
from 6 million to nearly 60 million – and it is nowhere near
its peak. We all know how severely Africa has been affected.
Across the African continent, there are now 25 million persons
living with HIV and AIDS, the health care system has become an
AIDS care system, and more than ten million orphans are
looking for a home. In the countries of Southern Africa, 20%
of the adult population are infected, and in less than a
decade, life expectancy has dropped 15 to 20 years.
|
|
|
Directly
Observed Therapy (DOT) for Individuals With HIV: Successes and
Challenges
|
Many
HIV-infected individuals have not reaped the benefits of
combination antiretroviral therapy due to inability either to
adhere to medications or to access care. It is now recognized
that innovative approaches are needed to increase access and
adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART),
especially among these hard-to-reach populations.
|
|
|
Dirty
Needles research rejected
|
The
United Nations has disputed the findings of United States
researchers which says most HIV infections in Africa result
from dirty medical needles.
|
|
Discrepancies Between Men and Women in Reporting Number of
Sexual Partners
|
This paper examines the reliability of one key type of sexual behavior by
comparing reports of the number of opposite gender sex partners reported
by men and women. Within a closed population, the number of female
sexual partners reported by men must equal the number of male sexual
partners reported by women. Thus, agreement between men and women
validates the aggregate reports and suggests that the reports are reliable.
Discrepancies on the other hand indicate either a deviation from the
closed population assumption or some inaccuracy in the data for one
or both genders (Gorman,1989).
|
|
|
Do not wait to manage hepatitis C virus in HIV-positive
patients |
Some
coinfected patients will die from liver failure before
succumbing to AIDS-related opportunistic infections. |
|
|
Does circumcision influence sexually
transmitted diseases? |
Despite the
wide availability of condoms and the fear of HIV infection,
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) continue to be a
serious public health concern. In the medical literature
about preventive measures, circumcision is rarely if ever
mentioned as an effective preventive measure: however,
articles promoting the routine practice of circumcision
invariably mention the surgery's benefit of reducing STDs.
One author refers to over 100 medical articles supporting
this thesis. In the present review, the medical literature
is examined to determine what influence, if any,
circumcision has on STDs |
|
|
EFA vs. HIV-AIDS |
Power
Point Presentation |
Pdf 95 kb |
|
Emerging
Reproductive health issues Among Adolescents in Asia |
The study
examined the existing research findings on adolescent
reproductive health issues and their policy implications in the
Asian nations. As a result of significant delays in age at
marriage, among both girls and boys, and falling age at
menarche, the period during which premarital sex can take place
is getting longer. Although the mean age at marriage is
increasing, the mean ate at first intercourse is declining. |
91 kb pdf |
|
Empowering Communities to Reduce the Impact of Infectious
Diseases |
Infectious diseases continue to cause ill health and deaths to
millions worldwide, despite advances in public health over the
last 100 years — advances that include the development of
vaccines and antibiotics and improvements in sanitation. In
many developing countries, women face particular difficulties
in warding off infection because of social and economic
obstacles to accessing health information and services. To
reduce the impact of disease on women, some infectious-disease
prevention programs are employing community-based approaches
conducted by women |
|
|
Estimating the Numbers of Heroin Users in the Act |
Knowing
the number of heroin users in the ACT is essential for
planning, monitoring and evaluating a trial to provide opioids
to dependent users in a controlled fashion
|
117 kb pdf |
|
EVERYBODY
HAS AN HIV STATUS! Has stigma kept you from knowing yours?
|
Stigma
keeps people who are HIV- infected from getting the care they
need, and from feeling safe in their own communities. At the
same time, stigma allows others to deny that they personally
are likely to be infected or affected by HIV. This denial
makes people who are infected seem abnormal, and it becomes
easier to believe that they are "different," that HIV only
happens someplace else. Not true, at all. |
|
|
|
|
Factors
Associated to the Occurrence of the First Intercourse in
Adolescents |
Power
Point Presentation-
Today’s adolescent are affected by a disproportionately high
prevalence of unplanned pregnancies, sexually transmitted
diseases, including AIDS, and other serious problems that
affect their reproductive health. |
|
|
Five Myths about the
HIV Epidemic in Asia |
It is
widely recognised that the huge population sizes of many
Asian countries mean that although national HIV prevalence
levels are still very low, very large absolute numbers of
people are being infected each year with HIV. Urgent
responses are required; the effective responses by countries
such as Thailand and Cambodia have shown how much can be
done. As implementers who have worked with HIV/AIDS
programmes in several countries in the region, we recognise
the public health and welfare costs of the epidemic in Asia,
and we respond to the need to “act now”. We are concerned,
however, about a number of misinformed beliefs, or myths,
about the epidemic—myths that are widely circulating in
Asia, disseminated in both public and professional
discourse, and often dominating policy and political debate.
We believe that these myths, if allowed to underpin and
influence policy and programming and guide immediate action,
have the potential to seriously jeopardise exactly the kind
of focused, coherent, evidence-based programme being called
for in Asia and the Pacific |
|
|
Global
AIDS Myths and Facts
|
Myth: The best way to control AIDS in the developing
world is by putting all available resources into stronger
prevention programs. In developing countries, costly treatment
for people already infected with HIV should wait until
prevention programs have been fully funded and deployed.
|
|
|
Glossary
of HIV/AIDS-related Terms
|
Terms
and resources available
|
602
kb pdf
|
|
Guideline
for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems
|
Recommendation
from the CDC
|
281
kb pdf
|
|
Health
Emergency 1999: The Spread of Drug-Related AIDS and Other
Deadly Diseases Among African Americans and Latinos |
This powerful report brings home the severity
of the problem of AIDS spread through dirty needles. It makes
me angry! We have got to be about preventing disease! We have
better drugs, but we still donít have a vaccine or a cure for
this disease. We have watched people die from this disease;
now they must learn how to live with HIV/AIDS. But why canít
we help prevent this disease by providing clean needles? We do
not allow people to get the clean needles that would reduce
the spread of HIV disease, yet we spend $155,000 or more for
each person who develops AIDS to take care of them, to watch
them die. That makes no sense! We have got to be about
preventing problems, not fixing things after they are broken. |
|
|
Healthcare workers
fare poorly on AIDS quiz |
A quiz
among health care workers at a Durban hospital had exposed
"substantial gaps" in their knowledge of HIV/Aids, delegates
to a conference on the disease heard on Monday. |
|
|
Hepatitis C & HIV Co-Infection: an update-Sept. 2003 |
More than
3 percent of the world’s population, about 2 percent of the US
population, and up to 10 percent of US health care workers are
currently infected with the Hepatitis C virus. |
327 kb pdf |
|
Hepatitis C in HIV-infected Individuals |
The
presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection increases
morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients and
increases the risk of hepatotoxicity secondary to
anti-retroviral medications. HCV, the newest opportunistic
infection, should be treated with the hope of decreasing
these adverse outcomes. As in immunocompetent patients,
interferon-α monotherapy
appears to be less effective than combination therapy in
achieving a complete virologic response and should be
abandoned for newer modalities. At present, though data is
scarce, combination therapy using -interferon-α
with ribavirin appears to be the most efficacious approach
to treat this population. Patients are usually treated for
12 months with interferon/ribavirin combination therapy,
though 18 months of therapy may be given to patients at
greater risk of treatment failure. |
Pdf 161 kb |
|
|
Currently,
HIV/AIDS has been reported in virtually every racial and
ethnic population, every age group, and every socioeconomic
group in every State and most large cities in the United
States. Initially identified among men who have sex with men
on the East and West Coasts, the AIDS epidemic is composed
of diverse multiple subepidemics that vary by region and
community. By the end of 1998, more than 680,000 cases of
AIDS had been reported, and nearly 410,800 people had died
from HIV disease or AIDS. |
|
|
HIV/AIDS |
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
Acquired means you are not born with it, but get it from
someone. As the name implies, this disease involves a
deficiency (destruction) of the the immune system, which is
the system that protects us from infections and cancers.
Because of this breakdown in the immune system, HIV/AIDS can
present with any manifestation of immune deficiency, from
sinusitis to cancer. AIDS was first identified in 1981 among
homosexual men in California and New York City, and was at
one time called the "Gay Epidemic". We know now that HIV can
effects anyone, irregardless of sexual orientation. World
wide HIV/AIDS is spread most commonly through heterosexual
contact. AIDS is still considered lethal infection. Through
December 1995, 513,486 people in the United States had been
reported with AIDS to the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, (CDC). Of the 513,486 cases of AIDS reported
318,361, (62%) had died. |
|
|
HIV & AIDS Discrimination and Stigma
|
From
the moment scientists identified HIV and AIDS, social
responses of fear, denial, stigma and discrimination have
accompanied the epidemic. Discrimination has spread rapidly,
fuelling anxiety and prejudice against the groups most
affected, as well as those living with HIV or AIDS. It goes
without saying that HIV and AIDS are as much about social
phenomena as they are about biological and medical concerns.
Across the world the global epidemic of HIV/AIDS has shown
itself capable of triggering responses of compassion,
solidarity and support, bringing out the best in people,
their families and communities. But the disease is also
associated with stigma, repression and discrimination, as
individuals affected (or believed to be affected) by HIV
have been rejected by their families, their loved ones and
their communities. |
|
|
HIV/AIDS among Hispanics |
The
HIV/AIDS epidemic is a serious threat to the Hispanic
community. In addition to being a population seriously
affected by HIV, Hispanics continue to face challenges in
accessing health care, prevention services, and treatment.
In 2002, HIV/AIDS was the third leading cause of death among
Hispanic men aged 35 to 44 and the fourth leading cause of
death among Hispanic women in the same age group |
|
|
HIV/AIDS EMPLOYMENT POLICY AND PROCEDURE |
The NHS in
Wales recognises that as an employer and a public health
body it has a duty to counter discrimination and stigma
against people who are or may become HIV positive or who
have AIDS. This duty includes employees of Local Health
Boards. It recognises the need to protect patients, to
retain public confidence, and to provide safeguards for the
confidentiality and employment rights of HIV infected health
care workers. |
Pdf 23 kb |
|
HIV and AIDS from UNAIDS/WHO |
Presentation in adobe concerning HIV/AIDS
(Large file-increase
download time) |
1505 kb
pdf |
|
HIV Denial in the Internet Era |
|
It may seem remarkable that, 23 years after the
identification of the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), there is still denial that the virus is the cause
of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This
denial was highlighted on an international level in
2000, when South African president Thabo Mbeki convened
a group of panelists to discuss the cause of AIDS,
acknowledging that he remained unconvinced that HIV was
the cause. His ideas were derived at least partly from
material he found on the Internet. Though Mbeki agreed
later that year to step back from the debate, he
subsequently suggested a re-analysis of health spending
with a decreased emphasis on HIV/AIDS |
|
|
|
HIV Disclosure by Men Who have Sex with Men to Immediate
Family over Time |
Previous
researchers have comprehensively documented rates of HIV
disclosure to family at discrete time periods yet none have
taken a dynamic approach to this phenomenon. The purpose of
this study was to address the trajectory of HIV serostatus
disclosure to family members. Time to disclosure was
analyzed from data provided by 135 HIV-positive men who have
sex with men |
|
|
HIV Disease in Individuals Ages Fifty and Above |
Ten
percent of AIDS cases reported in the United States have been
among individuals ages 50 and above…A study from the National
Institute on Aging substantiates concerns that HIV/AIDS
education programs are overlooking older people
|
272 kb pdf |
|
HIV in Asia: Act now or pay later, groups warn |
One
report, by the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), entitled “Asia Pacific’s
Opportunity: Investing to Avert an HIV/AIDS Crisis,” found
that if prompt action is not taken in Asia by the end of the
decade, 10 million additional people could acquire HIV,
according to a statement. |
|
|
HIV Found To Be No Disability
|
A federal district judge dismissed a workplace
discrimination claim brought by an HIV-positive man on the
ground that the man's HIV infection did not meet the
statutory definition for disability because he had no
interest in having children. This is the latest of several
recent rulings suggesting that the federal American With
Disabilities Act (ADA) is unlikely to provide much
protection against workplace bias to HIV-positive gay men
who are staying healthy through medical treatment. |
|
|
HIV in
central and eastern Europe |
We
describe recent trends in the HIV epidemic and the
differences between eastern and central Europe, using
surveillance data, and published and unpublished reports.
During the past 5 years, most countries of the former Soviet
Union have been severely affected by HIV epidemics that
continue to spread as a result of injecting drug use. With
an estimated 1 million individuals already infected—mostly
injecting drug users—and high rates of syphilis, the region
may soon also face a large-scale epidemic of
sexually-transmitted HIV infection. Indeed, data indicate
that an HIV epidemic, fuelled by heterosexual transmission,
is emerging; its expansion will depend on the size of
so-called bridge populations that link high-risk groups with
the general population. The lack of evidence to indicate
increased rates of HIV as a result of homosexual
transmission could indicate the social vulnerability of
homosexual and bisexual men in the region rather than the
true epidemiological picture. In view of the current levels
of HIV prevalence, eastern Europe will soon be confronted
with a major AIDS epidemic. By contrast, rates of HIV in
central Europe remain low at present, but behaviours that
promote HIV transmission are present in all countries.
Improved measures to prevent further HIV spread are urgently
needed. |
Pdf 196 kb |
|
HIV
Knowledge and Sexual Behavior of Adolescent Girls
|
Among
adolescents newly infected with HIV, females outnumber males,
with a disproportionate representation from members of
minority or economically disadvantaged groups.
|
|
|
HIV prevalence in the Blood Supply-Europe |
Power
Point Presentation |
|
|
HIV prevalence surveys and routine diagnostic testing among
pregnant women |
Power
Point Presentation |
|
|
HIV/AIDS and Cross-National Convergence in Life Expectancy |
There are
two fundamental reasons why HIV/AIDS is responsible for
global divergence or a slowdown in convergence in levels of
life expectancy. First, the highest prevalence rates are
found in countries faced with widespread poverty, low-income
levels, and deficient health care systems. This implies
higher mortality than would result if economically and
socially developed countries experienced similar HIV/AIDS
prevalence rates. Second, the epidemic is concentrated in
countries that are low performers in life expectancy and
infant and child survival rates. It thus prevents them from
catching up with the high performers, or at least from
catching up as fast as they would otherwise do |
Pdf 111 kb |
|
HIV/AIDS and Homelessness |
HIV is
found in epidemic proportions among the homeless. HIV
prevalence is estimated at 3.1 percent and above in homeless
populations that have been studied compared to .3 percent in
the general population. |
299 kb pdf |
|
HIV/AIDS Beyond Africa: Managing the Financial Impacts
|
The spread
of the HIV/AIDS4 epidemic has been an ever-present feature
of world news since the first case of the disease was
reported in the US in the early 1980s. Over the past twenty
years, extensive research has been undertaken to understand
the dynamics of the disease, its impact on society and,
increasingly, its potential implications for economic
growth. However, while a great deal has been written on a
macro level (for example, itspotential impact on GDP), less
attention has been focused on the ways in which HIV/AIDS can
affect global financial markets or specific company
performance. |
|
|
HIV/AIDS Blood Donors May Be Jailed |
The
government proposes to impose mandatory jail sentence
besides a fine on HIV/AIDS sufferers who falsify information
on their condition to donate blood. Deputy Prime Minister
Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak said the Prevention and Control
of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 would be amended to provide
for this. "There have been several cases of HIV and AIDS
sufferers who donated blood. We want to make it a crime," |
|
|
HIV/AIDS
disclosure can help in management of risks
|
With
one of the major requirements of good corporate governance
being adequate disclosure to stakeholders, HIV/AIDS disclosure
and its effect on business has recently been a topical and
controversial subject of discussion.
|
|
|
|
|
HIV/AIDS IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC REGION |
Experiences in the region have shown that intervention
activities can successfully bring about reductions in HIV
prevalence, provided they are combined with highlevel
political commitment and leadership. The priority is to
implement HIV interventions among those sections of the
population with high-risk behaviour, such as sex workers and
their clients, injecting drug users, and migrant workers. In
Thailand and Cambodia, condom promotion activities have
brought about behavioural changes and a subsequent reduction
in HIV prevalence and incidence – a major achievement. There
are, however, still many areas of concern. Interventions are
needed urgently to prevent HIV caused by injecting drug use
and high-risk sexual behaviour and to scale up the coverage
of these interventions in all countries so that they have a
nationwide impact on HIV prevalence. |
Pdf 1433
kb |
|
HIV/AIDS IN THE CGIAR WORKPLACE: MODEL POLICIES AND
PRACTICES |
The focus
of workplace policy has moved beyond issues of incidence to
the impact of HIV/AIDS in the work environment. Impact in
the workplace is experienced in various ways. In the most
extreme case, there is the loss of productive employees and
the cost of replacement and training. With advanced HIV
infection, there is increased absenteeism and the
concomitant loss of productivity. In a broader context,
employees with family members infected with the disease will
lose time at work to attend funerals, and will carry a
higher financial burden as family members die and they
undertake the care of orphaned nieces and nephews. Other
areas of impact include the breakup of research teams as a
result of illness and death, and the isolation and
withdrawal of the HIV-infected employee. Human Resources
(HR) must address these realities when developing
compassionate HIV/AIDS policies and programs. |
Pdf 103 kb |
|
HIV/AIDS
in the Deaf and Hard of Hearing |
The
Prevalence of HIV disease among the deaf and hard of hearing
in the United States is greater than among the general
population…the deaf and hard of hearing are at risk for poor
access to society’s educational, religious, and social
institutions. |
295 kb pdf |
|
HIV/AIDS Stigma |
A number
of studies have provided evidence that stigma is associated
with delays in HIV testing by people who are at high risk of
being infected with HIV |
275 kb pdf |
|
INCREASED LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING OF HIV/AIDS AMONG
JOURNALISTS AND MEDIA PROFESSIONALS-“THE IMPACT OF CULTURE
AND RELIGION ON HIV/AIDS REPORTING” |
An even
higher proportion of the children living with HIV in the
world is in Africa – an estimated 87%. There are a number
of reasons for this. First, more women of childbearing age
are HIV-infected in Africa than elsewhere. Secondly, Africa
women have more children on average than those in other
continents, so one infected woman may pass the virus on to a
higher than average number of children. Thirdly, nearly all
children in Africa are breast-fed. Breast-feeding is
thought to account for between a third and half of all HIV
transmission from mother-to-child. Finally, new drugs,
which help reduce transmission from mother-to-child before
and around childbirth, are far less readily available in
developing countries, including those in Africa, than in the
industrialized world. |
|
|
Legal and Ethical Dimensions of Willful Exposure to HIV |
Behavioral research indicates that a substantial proportion of people
who know they are infected with HIV sometimes engage in unsafe
sexual or needle sharing behavior without informing their partners of
their infection
|
10 kb pdf |
|
Legislative
Survey of State Confidentiality Laws, with Specific Emphasis
on HIV and Immunization |
This
report examines current state and federal law protecting the
confidentiality of health information. It focuses on four
specific areas: public health information held by government,
privately held health care information, HIV and AIDS-related
information, and immunization information. |
|
|
Male circumcision: a role in HIV prevention? |
It has
been suggested that following circumcision, the surface
epithelium of the glans develops a protective keratin layer,
a form of natural condom. Thus, circumcision could reduce
the HIV incidence by directly decreasing the susceptibility
of uninfected men to HIV. Circumcision could also reduce the
incidence of HIV by directly decreasing the infectivity of
men with HIV, as suggested by the studies of tissue samples
collected from macaques infected with the simian
immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which showed infected
mononuclear cells in the dermis and epidermis of the penile
foreskin |
|
|
Mounting anomalies in the epidemiology of HIV |
There is
substantial dissonance between much of the epidemiologic
evidence and the current orthodoxy that nearly all of the
HIV burden in sub-Saharan Africa can be accounted for by
heterosexual transmission and the sexual behaviour of
Africans. The mounting toll of HIV infection in Africa is
paralleled by a mounting number of anomalies in the many
studies seeking to account for it. |
|
|
New estimates show increasing numbers of people living with
HIV/AIDS |
The latest
UNAIDS and WHO estimates published in this AIDS epidemic
update are lower than those published in 2002. But the
number of people living with HIV/AIDS is not actually lower,
nor is there a decline in the epidemic. Better data and
understanding have enabled the UNAIDS Secretariat and WHO to
arrive at more accurate estimates |
|
|
Percentage
of adults who reported ever being tested for HIV
|
Graphs
and tables
|
113
kb pdf
|
|
People Who Pass On AIDS Virus May be Sued |
People
infected with the virus that causes AIDS may sue the
sexual partner who transmitted the virus to them even if the
partner did not do so knowingly, the California Supreme
Court ruled yesterday. |
|
|
PLHA-Friendly
Achievement Checklist
|
The
objective of the study is to assess factors that affect the
quality and type of care received by the general patient
population, with special emphasis on patients with HIV. An
additional objective is to assess and address factors that
affect staff safety with respect to infectious diseases
|
|
|
Position paper-HIV infection and AIDS in adolescents |
As of
December 31,2003, almost 38,500 cases of AIDS had been
reported in adolescents and young adults 13-24 years old in
the United States of America.
|
Pdf 48 kb |
|
PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF HIV/AIDS |
HIV/AIDS
has many physical effects, but perhaps some of its most
profound effects are on the psychological, social, and
economic health of the HIV-positive person, his or her loved
ones, and the community. Since the beginning of the
epidemic, stigma and fear have surrounded many of those who
live with and die from HIV/AIDS, as well as those who love
and care for them. The magnitude of these psychosocial
effects makes them central to HIV prevention efforts, care
for people with HIV, and the response of communities to the
massive losses of people in their most productive years of
life. This lecture will examine the effects of stigma on
care for people with HIV; the effects of HIV on the
individual, family, group, community, and society; and
potential interventions on each of these levels. |
Pdf 797 kb |
|
Reagan's AIDS Legacy Silence
equals death |
As
America remembers the life of Ronald Reagan, it must never
forget his shameful abdication of leadership in the fight
against AIDS. History may ultimately judge his presidency by
the thousands who have and will die of AIDS. ..Following
discovery of the first cases in 1981, it soon became clear a
national health crisis was developing. But President
Reagan's response was "halting and ineffective," according
to his biographer Lou Cannon. Those infected initially with
this mysterious disease -- all gay men -- found themselves
targeted with an unprecedented level of mean-spirited
hostility. |
|
|
Relationships between work and HIV/AIDS status |
During the
past decade HIV infection has become a pandemic, affecting
millions of workers. HIV/AIDS in the workplace has made a
decided impact on business and will continue to do so for
years. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the
impact of HIV/AIDS on work and to assess the reasons behind
cessation of occupational activities among HIV-infected
persons. |
Pdf 193 |
|
Researchers trace first HIV case to 1959 in the Belgian
Congo |
HIV
probably originated in the late 1940s or early 1950s, and
showed up in people 10 to 20 years earlier than has
previously been estimated, researchers said Tuesday. |
|
|
Ryan White Title I Standards of Care for Legal Services |
Standards of Care
CATEGORY: LEGAL
SERVICES
|
|
|
Scientific
Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for STDS
|
What
is the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of latex male
condom-use to prevent STD transmission during vaginal
intercourse
|
600
kb pdf
|
|
Secret
War on Condoms
|
Nicholas
D Kristof Op-Ed column says conservative groups in Pres Bush's
support base have launched disinformation campaign about
effectiveness of condoms that, if successful, could lead to
millions of deaths from AIDS around world
|
|
|
Self-Incrimination, Partner Notification, and the Criminal
Law: Negatives for the CDC’s “Prevention for Positives”
Initiative |
|
