Many State Correctional Facilities have mission statements
that state that they are to protect the public through effective
management of offenders in controlled environment environments,
which are efficient, safe, humane, and appropriately secure, while
also providing meaningful work and self-improvement opportunities
to assist offenders with community reintegration. Also the highest
priority is the protection of the public, staff and inmates through
the highest degree of security systems' performance by all staff
at all times. What many in the populace does not realize is that
these offenders are released back into the general population and
many times-they are positive and they have never been informed of
their health status by these institutions.
"Although some figures have been published, comprehensive
statistics demonstrating the burden of infectious disease among
inmates have been lacking. An important 'public health opportunity'
in prisons and jails has been identified by some authors. This opportunity
has yet to be fully exploited for various reasons, including a lack
of statistics as well as the fact that prisoners are generally marginalized,
despised, and politically impotent. Political leaders and the public
have not recognized the importance of correctional settings for
health interventions. Prevention and treatment programs are extremely
uneven in quality and quantity and, in some respects, fundamentally
inadequate." The Burden of Infectious Disease Among Inmates
of and Releasees From US Correctional Facilities, 1997
"For a variety of reasons, many diseases are present at a
higher prevalence in prisons and jails. Mental illness, HIV, hepatitis
B and C, and drug and alcohol addiction are just a few of the conditions
that are common in prisoners entering the correctional system. What
is often seen as an overwhelming burden to correctional healthcare
systems should more appropriately be seen as a tremendous public
health opportunity. The stark truth is that most inmates will eventually
be released from prisons and jails. Once released, many of them
either do not have access to healthcare or fail to avail themselves
of it. In focusing healthcare resources on the incarcerated, society
has the opportunity to decrease crime rates (mental illness, addiction),
prevent transmission (HIV, hepatitis, other sexually transmitted
diseases [STDs]), and lower lifetime costs associated with untreated
diseases. " Hepatitis C: A Correctional-Public Health Opportunity
All prisoners have the right to receive health care, including
preventive measures, equivalent to that available in the community
without discrimination, in particular with respect to their legal
status or nationality. The general principles adopted by a national
AIDS programme should apply equally to prisoners and to the community.134
The WHO guidelines were publicly supported and endorsed by the
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in a statement
issued in April 1996. The UNAIDS statement explained that ignorance
and lack of government support in addressing HIV/AIDS in prison
has led to denial, ineffective policies, violence and discrimination.135
Many different policy options have been explored in response to
HIV/AIDS in prison with varying results in different countries and
contexts. However, an international consensus confirmed by the WHO
and UNAIDS has declared that some of the more popular policies are
not only ineffective but unnecessary and unjustified. The policies
which have been condemned by international bodies include mandatory
testing, and segregation. Other policies employed in various prison
systems include education, condoms, disinfectant and sterilized
needles, and general penal reform." —HIV/AIDS in Prison,
Problems, Policies and Potential
|
Management Issues-a prison Officers
Union.
|
Some of the fears that officers related were: suffering a
needlestick injury whilst carrying out cell searches, being
assaulted with an infected syringe, and being taken hostage
|
Pdf 16 kb
|
|
Management of HIV in
Corrections.
|
The role of the Community Correction Officer is to link
offenders who are affected by a communicable disease to
appropriate resources, and to provide basic information
concerning the disease
|
Pdf 24 kb
|
|
Management of HIV Infection in Australian
Prisons.
|
The policy to maintain HIV-infected inmates in the prison
mainstream, but with appropriate precautions, was a relatively
simple one developed in the light of evolving knowledge about
the virus.
|
Pdf 33 kb
|
|
Managing a Therapeutic
Community.
|
As the numbers grew an increasing burden was placed on
hospital services, which were not designed to house prisoners
on a long-term basis. In
addition, hospital beds were being occupied by persons whose
needs were not being meet under a hospital regime
|
Pdf 29 kb
|
|
Managing HIV Seropositive
Prisoners: some successes and failures.
|
Prior to the introduction of compulsory testing, pressure
had been building for the segregation of prisoners with
communicable disease but, for reasons which will be discussed
later; the policy of integration was maintained in South
Australia
|
Pdf 29 kb
|
|
Medical
Center or Death Camp
|
Report
from the California Prison Focus
|
pdf
|
|
Medicaid care cutbacks continue
|
Women prisoner advocates warn that health care
cutbacks at the Central California Women’s Prison in
Chowchilla are life-threatening to women prisoners with HIV,
hepatitis C and other serious illnesses. |
|
|
Medical inadequacies plague
inmates
|
Instead of
providing care itself, the prison system ceded that job to the
University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston and Texas Tech
University in Lubbock. It has become a $297 million-a-year
business, paid for with public money but immune from any
meaningful public scrutiny- a system built for secrecy, if not
for care. |
|
|
Methadone, Prisons &
AIDS.
|
The uses of Methadone and HIV
|
Pdf 38 kb
|
|
Minimizing HIV within Prison
System.
|
Activities
engaged in by prisoners may facilitate cross-infection with
the HIV virus. Sexual intercourse between prisoner,
‘institutional sex’ and the sharing of needles and syringes
while injecting various drugs intravenously, are common
practices and represent high-risk activity in the context of
the current AIDS epidemic
|
Pdf 28 kb
|
|
National AIDS in Prisons information clearing house. |
HIV/AIDS
has become a major policy and management issue for prison
administrators in this country, as in the rest of the world.
|
21 kb pdf |
|
No
Mandatory HIV Testing of State Prisoners in Indiana
|
Indiana
DOC officials estimate that approximately 1% of state inmates
are HIV positive but do not know the exact number because
Indiana does not have a mandatory testing law for inmates
|
|
|
Nursing
Behind Bars
|
Both
nurses take us inside a prison. Jane Doe*, MSN, RN, CS, family
nurse practitioner (FNP), provides us with a snapshot of a day
in her ever-changing environment. Jen Witter, RN (see
sidebar), describes her role as a registered nurse (RN) in a
prison setting.
|
|
|
Occupational Exposure to Blood Borne Pathogens-for
correctional employees |
Significant exposures to correctional staff can occur in
the course of providing healthcare, contact with sharps while
cleaning or searching cells, during physical altercations, and
by intentional “gassing” in which staff members are
deliberately exposed to a patient’s body fluids |
226 kb pdf |
|
One
in 62: Young Injectors
|
Due
to the usual limitations inherent in researching a population
as "invisible" as injection-drug users (IDUs), the
number of injectors under age 25 is hard to determine.
However, it’s common knowledge among adolescent health
workers and those operating syringe exchanges in large
American cities that use of injection drugs among youth is
high and rising.
|
|
|
|
|
Newsletter -March 2003. |
Prisons study presented
|
Pdf 140 kb
|
|
Overview.
|
The topic HIV/AIDS and prisons has occasioned much public
debate and was the focus of the first national conference
|
Pdf 24 kb
|
|
Prevention & Control of Infections with Hepatitis Viruses in
Correctional Settings |
Report from
“The Center for Disease Control:” person incarcerated in
correction systems comprise approximately 0.7% of the US
population and have a disproportionately greater burden of
infectious diseases, including infections with hepatitis
viruses and other infections of public health importance. |
482 kb pdf |
|
Perceptions of AIDS in
Prisons: Developing Educational Strategies.
|
Much attention has centered on such controversial issues
as: compulsory or voluntary blood testing, isolation versus
integration of HIV infected inmates into the prison
mainstream, provision of condoms and disposable needles, and
effective educational measures for specific groups with the
prison
|
Pdf 94 kb
|
|
Portugal-setting up heroin
injecting rooms in prison |
A recently
released government report recommends Portugal set up heroin
injection rooms in prisons, where widespread drug use is
leading to rising HIV rates among the nation's 14,000 inmates |
|
|
Pragmatic approach to HIV for
Prisoners.
|
The health sector and the general public have been lead to
believe that prisons are incubators for HIV and will
progressively infect the rest of the community.
This is not necessarily an irrational belief, although
such concern has not been realized.
|
Pdf 22 kb
|
|
Preface.
|
The first national HIV/AID in prison conference held in
Australia took place in November 1990.
|
Pdf 12 kb
|
|
Prevalence and incidence of HIV, Hepatitis B Virus, and
Hepatitis C Virus infections among Males in Rhode Island
Prisons |
Concerns exist that jails and prisons could serve as
reservoirs that could simplify transmission of infectious
diseases in the wider community as inmates who become infected
behind bars are released. |
99 kb pdf |
|
Prevalence and Incidence of HIV, Hepatitis B Virus, and
Hepatitis C Virus
|
The
authors evaluated prevalence and intraprison incidence of HIV,
hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections
among male prison inmates in Rhode Island. They observed
intake prevalence for 4,269 sentenced inmates at the Rhode
Island Adult Correctional Institute between 1998-2000 and
incidence among 446 continuously incarcerated inmates who had
been in prison for 12 months or more. |
|
|
Prevalence
of antibodies to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV and risk
factors in entrants to Irish prisons: a national cross
sectional survey
|
To
determine the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis B core
antigen, hepatitis C virus, and HIV in entrants to Irish
prisons and to examine risk factors for infection.
|
|
|
Prevalence
of Hepatitis C Among Injection Drug Users in England and
Wales: Is Harm Reduction Working?
|
There
is evidence that harm reduction interventions, which include a
range of specialized treatment services offering prescription
and nonprescription programs as well as needle exchange, have
been effective in reducing transmission of HIV among injection
drug users
|
|
|
Prevalence
of hepatitis C in prisons: WASH-C surveillance linked to
self-reported risk behaviours
|
We
used cross-sectional willing anonymous salivary hepatitis C
(WASH-C) surveillance linked to self-completed risk-factor
questionnaires to estimate the prevalence of salivary
hepatitis C antibodies (HepCAbS) in five Scottish prisons from
1994 to 1996
|
|
|
Prevalence
of hepatitis C in prisons: WASH-C surveillance linked to
self-reported risk behaviours
|
We
used cross-sectional willing anonymous salivary hepatitis C
(WASH-C) surveillance linked to self-completed risk-factor
questionnaires to estimate the prevalence of salivary
hepatitis C antibodies (HepCAbS) in five Scottish prisons from
1994 to 1996
|
81
kb pdf
|
|
Prevention and Control of Infections with Hepatitis
Viruses in Correctional Settings |
This
report consolidates previous recommendations and adds new ones
for preventing and controlling infections with hepatitis
viruses in correctional settings. These recommendations
provide guidelines for juvenile and adult correctional systems
regarding 1) identification and investigation of acute viral
hepatitis; 2) preexposure and postexposure immunization for
hepatitis A and hepatitis B; 3) prevention of hepatitis C
virus infection and its consequences; 4) health education; and
5) release planning. Implementation of these recommendations
can reduce transmission of infections with hepatitis viruses
among adults at risk in both correctional facilities and the
outside community. |
|
|
Prevention
and Control of Viral Hepatitis in Prisons Centers for Disease
Control
|
Alan
Franciscus In March 2001, approximately 120 consultants,
including prison activists, prison officials, doctors, CDC
officials, lawyers, and pharmaceutical representatives
gathered in Atlanta, GA. This meeting was sponsored by the CDC
to begin the process of establishing recommendations for the
prevention and control of viral hepatitis in prisons.
|
|
|
Prevention
and Treatment of HIV/AIDS and Other Infectious Diseases in
Correctional Settings: An Opportunity Not Yet Seized
|
Correctional
health care providers manage the care of a large number of
individuals with communicable diseases in the U.S. A major
portion of the nation’s Hepatitis B&C, HIV, STD and TB
infected patients pass through prison and jail doors
|
|
|
Prisons. |
Today, prisons
are primarily expected to contribute towards reducing crime
through the rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
Prisons are not intended to punish offenders, nor are they to
serve as warehouses to isolate undesirables from society |
1069 kb pdf |
|
Prison
AIDS Deaths Grow by 750%
|
The
number of Aids-related deaths in South African prisons was
estimated to have grown by 750% since 1995, an Institute for
Security Studies (ISS) research consultant said on Tuesday.
|
|
|
Prison AIDS Project-Officer
Education.
|
The main source of problems has been the anxieties and
fears of the prison officers themselves, having to face the
complex issue of managing HIV positive inmates within the prisons
system
|
Pdf 28 kb
|
|
Prisons
and AIDS |
Report from the UN: HIV prevalence in many prisons is already high—higher
than in the population at large—and still increasing.
It involves
the rights to health, security of person, equality before the
law and freedom from inhuman and degrading treatment |
207 kb pdf |
|
Prison
health care is investigated
|
Yet, in a move rarely seen by the Justice Department,
Missouri's prison system has denied the investigators the
access they want. The investigators have wanted to see the
infirmary and talk to prisoners and staff at the prison, about
70 miles northwest of St. Louis. Prison officials wouldn't
allow it, instead telling federal investigators they could
talk to prisoners only in the visitation area during normal
visiting hours.
|
|
|
Prison
medical system is in trouble
|
Ohio
prison inmates face long waits for treatment by
physicians who often are overworked and sometimes have
histories of disciplinary problems, a newspaper and television
station's investigation shows
|
|
|
Prisoners |
It is
difficult to provide a comprehensive picture of the HIV
epidemic among prisoners in federal and provincial
penitentiaries in Canada. There have been a number of studies
of prisoners in particular institutions or in certain regions,
but one must be cautious in generalizing from one institution
or region to another. Nevertheless, the information that is
available is cause for grave concern |
|
|
Prisoners
in 1999.
|
The total number of prisoners under the jurisdiction of
Federal or State adult correctional authorities was 1,366,721
|
Pdf 151 kb
|
|
Prisoners’ knowledge of HIV/AIDS and its prevention in
Kerman, Islamic Republic of Iran |
Knowledge
of prisoners regarding HIV/AIDS in Kerman was evaluated.
Analysis indicated that the sample (n = 350) of
prisoners had relatively high knowledge about HIV/AIDS and
its modes of transmission. However, they had a lower level
of knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention. The overall
knowledge of men about AIDS was significantly lower than
women. Persons aged 46 years and older and illiterate
inmates had the least knowledge about modes of transmission.
In addition, the knowledge of illiterate prisoners about
HIV/AIDS prevention was significantly lower than others.
Evaluation of attitudes and practices of prisoners and
implementation of educational programmes regarding HIV/AIDS
are suggested. |
|
|
Prisoner plagues |
Tens of
thousands of prisoners suffering from undiagnosed or untreated
communicable disease, chronic disease and mental illness are
being released into communities around the nation. And
thousands more are scheduled for release in the next few
years. The human costs to the health of our neighbors, and the
financial well being of states, counties and cities across the
country is already threatened. That's the conclusion of a
report completed nearly two years ago, but inexplicably held
since then by the National Institute of Justice.
|
|
|
Prisoners’ Health & Human Rights in the HIV/AIDS Epidemic |
Worldwide,
levels of HIV prevalence within inmate populations tend to be
much higher than in ht egeneral population. HIV prevalence
among prison populations varies considerably across settings,
although several countries have reported rates in the range of
10-25 %. However, much of the data regarding HIV/AIDS in
prisons is from high income countries. Relatively little
information on HIV in prisons is available for developing
countries and countries in transition. |
579 kb pdf |
|
Prisoners'
Suit Says New Jersey Ignored Hepatitis to Save Money
|
New
Jersey was the only one of the 10 most populous states that
did not treat prisoners for hepatitis C. But after articles in
The Philadelphia Inquirer last July about the spread of
hepatitis among prison inmates, state officials announced that
New Jersey would begin to pay for hepatitis treatment, which
can cost as much as $25,000 per inmate.
|
|
|
Prisoners
Rights: Treatment, testing accommodation and Privacy of
Documents.
|
The idea of prisoners’ rights is in conflict with
policies which give administrative discretion and convenience overriding importance in prison administration.
|
Pdf 40 kb
|
|
Prisons
and infectious diseases - time for a robust response
|
Prevalence
of antibodies to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV and risk
factors in entrants to Irish prisons: a national cross
sectional survey • Commentary: efficient research gives
direction on prisoners' and the wider public health except in
England and Wales
|
1,069
kb pdf
|
|
Prisons Break the Taboo Surrounding AIDS |
It would be
wrong to suggest that prisons are inhumane in Swaziland,
but there is much room for improvement to make them safe from
HIV
infection, inmate abuse and other ills that are more or less
endemic
to African prisons |
|
|
PRISONS HOST AN EPIDEMIC OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES |
The US policy
of mass incarceration with access to inept medical care but
without access to information, prophylactics or disinfectants)
has led to a steep increase in the number of prisoners with
communicable diseases |
|
|
|
|
Prisons in India
|
Punishment to a person cannot exceed the sentence awarded
to him. If a person Develops an incurable disease like AIDS
during internment, it may amount to exceeding the punishment
or even inflicting capital punishment on him. It may lead to
disastrous consequences for the individual, his family and the
society and the social good for which the individual's liberty
was seized stands defeated
|
|
|
Prisons in India report 2% conversion rate to HIV |
It may not be
very important from a progamme planner's perspective
whether Mr X or Y was seroconverted inside the prison by
omission or
commission, but the mere fact that, such thing, if it has
happened,
opens a very serious area of action immediately. |
|
|
Prisons plagued with Hepatitis C
|
"Right now, to treat everyone would be unaffordable to
most state prison systems," said Edward Harrison,
president of the National Commission on Correctional Health
Care in Chicago. "The legislatures aren't appropriating
the dollars, the taxpayers aren't interested in pursuing
it."
|
|
|
Prisons
Plagued with Hepatitis C in Massachusetts
|
While the rate of HIV infection among prison inmates has
remained steady since 1999, a surge in inmates with deadly
Hepatitis C has caught the state system off guard. Hepatitis
C, a deadly liver disease which can be contracted through
intravenous drug use, is being called the new HIV/AIDS
epidemic, challenging corrections officials in Massachusetts
and nationally to treat and manage the virus with slim
budgets.
|
|
|
Proposed
Inclusion Criteria for Hepatitis Treatment in Prisons Adapted
from RI DOC Criteria and California DOC
|
Criteria
for the California DOC
|
|
|
Protestors in Harlem want the state to provide better services
for inmates with HIV and hepatitis C |
Members of
ACT-UP, the New York AIDS Housing Network and the Parolee
Human Rights Project turned out in front of the New York State
Building on 125th Street in Harlem Friday, April 30, to
protest the lack of HIV and Hepatitis C treatment for inmates
in state prisons. |
|
|
Providing
Palliative Care for Incarcerated Patients
|
Prisoners have a higher prevalence of HIV infection, hepatitis
C infection, tobacco addiction, alcoholism, substance abuse,
chronic lung diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders than
similarly aged men and women who are not incarcerated.2 Many
inmates received inadequate health care prior to
incarceration, and therefore present with more sequelae and
more advanced forms of their chronic illnesses.
|
|
|
Recommendations
for those on the Frontline Against Hepatitis C
|
The
management of Hepatitis C infection (Hepatitis C Virus) was the subject of
an expert "consensus panel" discussion at the
National Institutes of Health this past June. From the
discussions at the meeting, guidelines for testing, treating
and preventing Hepatitis C Virus were developed and are now posted on
the internet (www.consensus.nih.gov).
|
|
|
Report of the mission to the United States of America on the
issue of violence against women in state and federal
prisons" |
In
California, the Special Rapporteur visited the California
Correctional Women's Facility (CCWF) and Valley State Prison
for Women (VSPW) in Chowchilla, California. The Special
Rapporteur strongly regretted that she was not able to
interview the specific women prisoners she had requested to
meet and that she was not allowed to visit the Security
Housing Unit at VSPW despite prior assurances that she would
be able to visit the prison grounds freely. The Special
Rapporteur had clearly indicated in her letter to the
California Department of Corrections in May 1998 that she
would like to interview women prisoners during her visit. In
addition, the California prison authorities refused to
discuss openly with her the allegations of mistreatment and
abuse at CCWF and VSPW which are reflected in this
report…The Special Rapporteur has learned that Mr.
Kuykendall, warden of VSPW, has, since her visit, been
"walked off the grounds" and suspended from his duties
pending an investigation into financial mismanagement. This
incident underlines the Special Rapporteur's strong belief
that qualified personnel with a sufficient degree of
professionalism are required for any effective correctional
system. |
|
|
Report: Waits lengthy to see prison doc |
Ohio
prison inmates face long waits for treatment by physicians
who often are overworked and sometimes have histories of
disciplinary problems, a newspaper and television station's
investigation shows. At least two inmates died minutes
after being released from prison clinics, and others have
gone days without receiving prescribed medicines, according
to the three-month investigation reported Sunday by The
Columbus Dispatch and WBNS-TV. |
|
|
Rethinking Rehabilitation |
I wish it
were otherwise, but scientific evidence is sorely lacking to
support the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs for
criminal offenders. It is similarly lacking to support the
effectiveness of most programs aimed at treating conditions
that exacerbate crime, such as substance abuse and
dependence. Although a limited menu of behavioral and
pharmacological treatments have shown small to moderate
effects among offenders when administered under controlled
research conditions, those effects tend to decline rapidly
soon after criminal justice supervision is withdrawn. |
Pdf 412 kb |
|
Rights, Duties, AIDS &
Corrections.
|
The interpretation of these duties by prison administrators
and consideration of these duties by legislators in framing
new laws and regulations are significant to decisions
regarding HIV testing programs, segregation and isolation
practices, and the provision of health and welfare services
for prisoners
|
Pdf 42 kb
|
|
Safer Tattooing & Hepatitis C
|
Rules to
live by if you wish to have a tattoo |
327 kb pdf |
|
Sex, Sexual Violence and Coercion in Men's Prisons |
Many
correctional administrations have displayed extreme
reluctance to acknowledge that sex takes place inside
their prisons. In many countries sex in prison is a
punishable crime. In some, this is intertwined with an
outlawing of homosexual activity in general. Yet sex and
sexual violence are generally understood to be common
practice behind prison walls. Available material on
South African men's prisons confirms that sexual
activity certainly takes place but there is little
clarity on its nature and extent.1 While sex
is not directly outlawed in South African prisons, and
the Department of Correctional Services has gone as far
as to provide in policy for prisoners to have access to
condoms, the subject still represents something of an
'uncomfortable truth' around which there is little real
understanding or engagement. |
|
|
Sexual Abuse
of Women in U.S. State Prisons |
Our
findings indicate that being a woman prisoner in U.S. state
prisons can be a terrifying experience. If you are sexually
abused, you cannot escape from your abuser. Grievance or
investigatory procedures, where they exist, are often
ineffectual, and correctional employees continue to engage in
abuse because they believe they will rarely be held
accountable, administratively or criminally. Few people
outside the prison walls know what is going on or care if they
do know. Fewer still do anything to address the problem. |
|
|
SEXUAL ASSAULT IN PRISON: THE NUMBERS ARE FAR FROM FUNNY |
The
number of prison rapes can be compared with the
estimated 135,000 female sexual assaults that occur
outside of prison walls every year. The causes which
lead an individual into an environment conducive to
sexual assaults are without question complex; however,
according to the literature, broad
generalizations--while keeping their inherent weaknesses
in mind--can be made. For instance, the power structure
within male prisons are quite dissimilar or non-existent
compared with those exclusively housing females; male
prisons view coercive sex both as a means to exert one's
aggressive dominance in the hierarchy of power as well
as a sexual outlet; female prisons tend to lack the
explicit display of the power hierarchy, which in turn,
can effect the meanings that are placed in sexual acts. |
|
|
Sexual Initiation among Adolescent Women and Men: Trends
and Differences in Sub-Saharan Africa |
The
risk of unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted
infections including HIV/AIDS may be affected by the age of
sexual debut. An individual who initiates sexual
activity at age 15, will have more exposure to conception over
the reproductive span than one who initiates sex at age 21 |
126 kb pdf |
|
Soaring
Rates Of Hepatitis
C Pose Dilemma In US Prisons
|
Prison
officials say that nearly 10,000 inmates in New York and
thousands of other prisoners across the region are infected
with hepatitis C, an insidious liver infection that is
difficult to treat, has no definite cure and, over many years,
kills 5 percent of those who contract it. Prison and public
health officials are wrestling with how to respond to the
alarmingly high rates of infection, trying to figure out both
how to contain its spread, and how and when to provide
expensive treatment that, in most cases, does not work. Some
states are treating hundreds of prisoners infected with
hepatitis C, while others are treating none
|
|
|
Sociology of Families and Intimate Lives |
There are
two key strands to the ‘trafficking’ debates: one concerns
tensions between governments’ obligations to protect and
promote human rights, and their desire to restrict irregular
forms of migration (which is often regarded as a matter of
state sovereignty), and other centres on conflicting views
of the relationship between trafficking and prostitution |
Pdf 245 kb |
|
Special Report on HIV in Prisons |
Prison conditions in most countries of the world are ideal for
the transmission of HIV. "They are frequently
overcrowded. They commonly operate in an atmosphere of
violence and fear. Tensions abound, including sexual tensions.
Release from these tensions, and from the boredom of prison
life, is often found in the consumption of drugs or in
sex," a UNAIDS "Best Practice" report noted. |
|
|
Special
Edition of Medicine Chest: Detection and Treatment of
Depression
|
Depression
is not unique to any individual or group. Depression can
affect the mind, body, mood and behavior of anyone. As in the
general population, some HIV-positive patients are at higher
risk for clinical depression. Patients with a previous history
or family history of depression are at higher risk, as well as
those who are dealing with alcohol or substance abuse. Women
also are at higher risk, as compared to men.
|
|
|
State
Cracking Down on Prison Health
|
The
measure would mandate that the Health Department assess the
treatment of inmates with AIDS, the HIV virus and hepatitis C
in the 70 state prison facilities.
|
|
|
Substance
Abuse Treatment for Drug Users in the Criminal Justice System
|
About 80 percent of inmates in
correctional facilities have substance abuse problems.
Substance abuse treatment in correctional institutions can
help them. Many facilities provide treatment and education
interventions, but significant gaps remain.
|
|
|
The
Burden of Infectious Disease Among Inmates of and Releasees
From US Correctional Facilities, 1997
|
During
1997, 20% to 26% of all people living with HIV in
the United States, 29% to 43% of all those infected with the
hepatitis C virus, and 40% of all those who had tuberculosis
disease in that year passed through a correctional
facility.
|
|
|
The Burden of Infectious Disease Among Inmate. |
During
1997, 20% to 26% of all people living with HIV in
the United States, 29% to 43% of all those infected with the
hepatitis C virus, and 40% of all those who had tuberculosis
disease in that year passed through a correctional
facility.
|
119 kb pdf |
|
The
Correctional Doctor's Dilemma: Hepatitis C Treatment
|
Given
the linkages between Hepatitis C Virus infection and drug use, gender, age,
and minority populations, it is not surprising that almost one
third (1.4 million) of the 4 million individuals in the United
States who are believed to be infected with Hepatitis C Virus pass through
correctional facilities each year
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119
kb pdf
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The
silent killer doing time
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What
does a person do when a prescribed eight-year prison term
turns into a life sentence? State corrections departments are
fielding this question throughout the country in dealing with
the growing epidemic of hepatitis C (Hepatitis C Virus) in their
correctional facilities
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The Spectrum of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the
Virginia Correctional System |
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is common in the inmate
population of the United States. Long-standing HCV can
progress to cirrhosis, which can contribute to significant
morbidity and mortality. However, those inmates with
histologically mild disease are unlikely to develop
liver-related morbidity or mortality during their period of
incarceration. Our objective was to develop an economic
strategy for evaluation and treatment of inmates with chronic
HCV. |
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The
Young and the Restless
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According
to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
approximately 40,000 new HIV infections occur each year in the
United States, about a 70% rate among men and 30% rate among
women.
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Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus in Correctional
Facilities --- Georgia |
Incarcerated persons have a disproportionate burden of
infectious diseases, including hepatitis B virus (HBV)
infection. Among U.S. adult prison inmates, the overall
prevalence of current or previous HBV infection ranges from
13% to 47%. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection among
inmates is approximately 1.0%--3.7%, two to six times the
prevalence among adults in the general U.S. population.
Incarcerated persons can acquire HBV infection in the
community or in correctional settings |
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Treatment
Denied INMATES AND HEPATITIS C
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Without
support from the outside,
Hepatitis C Virus will thrive in prisons as Hepatitis C Virus+
and at-risk individuals are arrested and
incarcerated in ever increasing numbers
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U.S. prisons report a high rate of AIDS |
The prevalence of AIDS among prisoners in the United States is
five times that of the general population, and the rates for
some other sexually transmitted diseases are even higher,
scientists said yesterday |
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U.S. to Seize State Prison Health System |
A federal judge said Thursday that he would
seize control of prison healthcare from the state and place it
under a receiver, declaring that "extreme measures" were needed
to fix a system that kills one inmate each week through medical
incompetence or neglect. |
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Viral
Hepatitis and the Criminal Justice System
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The unique circumstances of the criminal
justice environment create opportunities to reach an
underserved population with viral hepatitis prevention and
treatment services. However, correctional facilities must
grapple with several issues, including uncertainty about who
will pay for these services, a lack of screening and treatment
guidelines, and a need for staff training.
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Websites
from HEPP
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Listing
of web sites
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What
can Correctional Healthcare Providers Do?
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The
epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus makes correctional institutions pivotal
sites for US efforts to identify those who are infected with
Hepatitis C Virus.
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What
Is the Role of Prisons in HIV, Hepatitis, STD and TB
Prevention
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Incarcerated
people are our neighbors. Jail and prison populations have
doubled in the US in the past ten years. Overcrowding and
understaffing are legion in correctional systems. Inmates are
admitted and released frequently, making them active
participants in the community. As more people pass in and out
of jail and prison, so too do problems and infectious diseases
associated with incarceration, like HIV, tuberculosis (TB),
hepatitis B and C (Hepatitis C Virus) and sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs).
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While
the hepatitis C epidemic is substantial in the country as a
whole
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Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus infection in prisons is 8- to 20-fold
higher than in the community
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