Help us Win the Fight!

ON THE DIFFERENT FARMING SECTORS

IN NAMIBIA

UNIVERSITY CENTRAL CONSULTANCY BUREAU FAO REGIONAL OFFICE FOR AFRICA

UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA Extension, Education and Communication

Service (SDRE)

Section: 1 2 3 4

DECEMBER 2001

In commercial farming areas, the number of days for mourning averages 2.86. However, there were wide variations between regions, viz. Erongo (3.44d, n = 8), Karas (2.90d, n = 15), Khomas (2.03d, n = 18), Omaheke (5.03d, n =17) and Oshikoto (0.15d, n =10). These results need to be interpreted cautiously because of the small sample sizes. The impact of mourning on farming activities varies between regions due to differences in culture, ability to hire extra casual labourers and type and size of agricultural enterprise.

Households were asked what they perceived as the "single largest impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural production in their communities". Table 5.6.3 shows that in communal farming areas, loss of productive labour force was cited as the most serious consequence (61.3 percent, n = 287), followed by loss of time (18.1 percent), financial drain to cover medical expenses (15.3 percent) and others (5.3 percent). This result corresponds with that from the commercial farming areas where responses to loss of the productive labour force, loss of time for farming, financial drain to cover medical expenses and others were 66.3 percent, 11.6 percent, 10.5 percent and 10.5 percent (n = 86), respectively. The most affected age group with HIV/AIDS is 18 - 45, and this is the most productive of the labour force, hence the perceived negative effect on the agricultural sector.

Table 5.6.3: Impact of HIV/AIDS on Agricultural Production on Communal Farms.

* Includes resources diverted to support orphans.

The HIV/AIDS pandemic also dissipates resources that could be used to invest in agricultural production. Table 5.6.4 gives the relative importance of different sources of financing to cover medical and/or funeral expenses for households with a member afflicted with HIV/AIDS. Sources of financing were ranked from "least important" to "most important" in contributing towards meeting expenses. The most important sources of financing were savings and sale of livestock. HIV/AIDS may also render households more impoverished by forcing them to sell farm assets and to borrow to pay expenses for a sick member. Although labour is the most important input in the agriculture in communal farming areas, increased productivity requires use of other inputs such as improved seed, fertiliser and pesticides. Thus HIV/AIDS robs households of resources they could use to improve agricultural production.

Table 5.6.5 presents coping strategies to address labour shortages due to HIV/AIDS and their relative importance in communal farming areas. In Caprivi, Omusati, and Oshikoto where crop cultivation is the predominant farming activity, reduction in the area cultivated and increased use of child labour were the most commonly adopted strategies. This implies a decline in household food supply and poor school attendance, as parents or guardians resort to use of child labour. In Erongo, Karas, Omaheke and Khomas regions where livestock production predominates, there were no labour shortages experienced. Compared to crop cultivation, livestock production requires less labour and is not particularly sensitive to decline in the available work force.

Table 5.6.5: Coping Strategies to mitigate HIV/AIDS Labour Shortages

*Values above are the means of 34 responses based on the following scale:

‘Ranking of effects of labour shortages due to HIV/AIDS’: 1 = least important, 5 = most important.

V. Implications of HIV/AIDS on the Farming Communities

  1. Social Consequences

In Omaheke and other places where communal farmers participate, mutual assistance organizations are very important in promoting agricultural production and marketing produce. Death and sickness rob households of people who have gained important education from these organizations on how to practice farming techniques. Conversely, death and sickness rob organizations of individuals that initiate and teach others methods of agricultural production. The situation is similar for commercial farmers. Most commercial farmers are members of farmers’ associations or farmers’ unions. These organizations expose farmers to new production techniques. Although HIV/AIDS deaths appear not to have touched these organizations on a large scale, indications during the group and individual interviews, from Karas and Omaheke regions, are that things could change. Thus it is foreseen that HIV/AIDS will increasingly affect important institutions that teach farming education. It is also conceivable that HIV/AIDS could lead to poor attendance of meetings that upgrade agriculture skills among members of mutual assistance organizations. In the medium term this might hinder the acquisition of new farm knowledge and improved production techniques. On the negative side, none of the organizations discussed the focus on HIV/AIDS education. Group interviews also revealed that none of the commercial farmers had a clear policy or strategy for dealing with HIV/AIDS on their farms. These organizations might be encouraged to provide HIV/AIDS education and prevention efforts, and where possible, support and counselling to the afflicted. There is a definite need to strengthen HIV/AIDS education among commercial farmers, farm workers and some groups of communal farmers especially in the livestock growing regions of the south.

These data indicate several important things: HIV/AIDS deaths are affecting a wide spectrum of communal farmers, and to a lesser extent, commercial farmers. This is especially so in the northern parts of the country. Orphans are a growing problem. They are widely distributed across the extended family with the result that some are constantly moving between families. Group discussions revealed that orphans lead a difficult life. Some support for orphans comes from the extended family, and in some regions maternal relatives are more important in providing such support.

Where children are older (18 years or so) they may take charge of families. Several implications ensue from this situation. Older children that take charge cannot sustain agricultural production at the same level as their parents because they have less knowledge and experience of farming, while they are still not strong enough to do the requisite back-breaking work with little support. These families may also be relying on child labour in their farming activities. The use of child labour compromises the quantity and quality of production. Hunger might be a frequent feature of homes under older children. Inadequate food intake may result in reduced efficiency in farming. Parental death interrupts the socialisation of younger children. Thus, they cannot learn the

necessary farming techniques as apprentices, helpers and observers of their parents. Their formal education is also interrupted. Research elsewhere indicates that educated people are potentially more productive farmers, as they are more open to innovation and changes. Interrupted education is creating less able farmers for the future.

Girl children without family support sometimes try to survive by getting more boyfriends and by engaging in activities that would normally be discouraged by natural parents. They are therefore more exposed to the HIV virus. This might be a factor in fuelling the disease. Support for wife inheritance among some groups of communal farmers may also be fuelling the disease. Again, strengthening HIV/AIDS education among the widowed and orphans should be considered a priority.

2. Health

The study revealed that each household knows of someone who is sick or has been suffering with the HIV/AIDS or another long-term illness in their communities. This is an indication that almost all communities are affected by the disease personally or socially, and support the findings of Topouzis (1994) in Uganda.

The study also revealed that the youth are the most affected group (age 15-35 years) in various communities. This raises serious concern because this age group comprises the active labour force and has the skills for farming which when lost can have direct effects on production. If the labour force is infected with the disease, agricultural production will be low, leading to food insecurity - mostly at household level. Migration of some age groups into towns makes it a double impact. The same group comes home from urban areas to die and they consume the limited agricultural produce and income available at home. This finding confirms these of Jackson et al, (1999) and the views of Iipinge and Kinabo (2000).

The death of young people has also an impact on the reproductively of the population and in the long run affects agricultural productivity.

As Stegling (2000) found in Botswana, on both commercial and communal farms, the responsibility for caring for the sick in the family lies primarily with women, who are the backbone of agricultural production especially in communal farms. More time is taken attending to the sick person both at home and at the hospital with the result that less time is spent on farming activities such as land preparation, planting, weeding and harvesting. Sometimes a year might go by without any farming activities being undertaken, which makes the people more food insecure.

Community support systems are not well established among farming communities. People rely more on the extended families and the church, especially the Roman Catholic Church, as is the case in KwaZulu Natal according to Vitilio (1993) and Olenja (1999) in Kenya. This needs strengthening in Namibia.

In most cases, persons sick with HIV/AIDS need special food, while there is less food coming in to the household due to illness, because the sick person and the care provider are unable to contribute to agriculture production. This leads to a state where the little money in the house is spent on the provision of special food required by the sick person. This aggravates poverty at household level, as Stegling (2000) pointed out. This whole process leads to food insecurity and inadequate eating patterns of households, which makes the family members susceptible to various infections. Weak and sick persons cannot effectively perform agricultural activities, and this leads to families/ households failing to meet their nutritional needs. NGOs and Government need to step in and help these families and the care providers (Iipinge & Kinabo, 2000).

Some communities expressed lack of knowledge and skills with regard to the provision of home care, which confirms findings of the study conducted by Iipinge (2001) on home care provision in rural Namibia. The findings suggest that training in home care provision should be done at village level to ensure that skills are available at community level when needed.

The study also shows that the level of stigma is high in some communities, and this may hinder the health-seeking behaviours of affected and infected persons. Unless communities open up and break the silence, the necessary support in terms of food, counselling and moral support will not become accessible to those who need them promptly. Stigma is more of an issue in some regions, particularly in Caprivi, Omaheke and Karas. In these regions people suffering from HIV/AIDS or who have lost relatives due to AIDS experience isolation, as the rest of the community does not want to be associated with them, supporting the findings of Topouzis (1994) in Uganda. This requires the intensifying of the HIV/AIDS educational and awareness activities among the farming communities.

The level of knowledge on prevention and ways of contracting HIV/AIDS infection among farm workers in commercial farms is relatively low compared to those in communal areas. This could indicate that this sector has not been fully reached during the campaigns, or possibly that farmers are not making the effort to educate their work force. This is more likely, since none of the commercial farmers had an HIV/AIDS policy on their farms.

3. Income and Labour

The results presented in the section on labour input and income generation reveal that on communal as well as some commercial farms there has been reduction in labour input on various farm enterprises and operations. Further examinations of the data indicate that the reduction has been caused by a number of factors, namely inadequacy of household labour, HIV/AIDS infection, care of victims, and funeral attendance. A small group has attributed reduction to migration of young people to towns. The consequences of the reduction of labour input are reduced area cultivated, increased use of child labour, change in the crops grown and less intensive husbandry practices.

On commercial farms only 10 percent of farmers have reported reduced labour input. This is apparently because of high unemployment in the commercial areas, where any absentee is easily replaced. The net impact of the reduced labour input into farm operations is reduction in farm output. At household level, this means less food intake and increased food insecurity. On commercial farms, the long-term impact of reduced labour input would be reflected in some reduction of output, be it crops or livestock. This situation is complicated by the observed decline in the frequency of the visit to both commercial and communal farms by the Extension services, attributed to poor establishment of the service, HIV/AIDS infections and death of some of the personnel, as well as poor remuneration and lack of transport.

On income generation, the data available indicate that smallholder farmers and commercial farmers generate income from the sale of livestock. In the commercial areas, livestock is sold to raise money for school fees and, in recent years, to provide money for the treatment of HIV/AIDS infected members of households and the conducting of funerals when a victim dies. These findings have both short term and long term implications on household livestock herds, regional herds and ultimately the national herd. This is because with HIV/AIDS, the sale of livestock is based not on those that are ready for the market, but simply what the household owns. This means that some of the animals sold may be breeders and this would result in a decline in the herd. Over time, and when extended to regional and national level, it may mean a decline in the amount of off-take, especially from the northern and north eastern parts of the country. At the international level, this will be reflected in the amount of beef that Namibia can sell to its established markets in South Africa and in the European Community under the Lome Conventions and other trade arrangements. As indicated, this scenario would be aggravated further if the spread of HIV/AIDS is not checked in the commercial livestock farming areas, wherein an acute shortage of labour input would result in a decline in livestock output and therefore off-take for international markets. While hard data cannot feature in this scenario, the research findings provide sufficient pointers to the need for commercial farmers to change their attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in order to check its spread and minimise its impact on livestock output. Most commercial farmers at the moment have no policies or strategies for combating HIV/AIDS. The impression given is that HIV/AIDS is a disease of workers who "sleep around" with more than one partner. Many farmers are reluctant to assist workers who fall sick. The easiest way out is to dismiss the worker and recruit another one in his or her place without bothering about the long-term consequences of the pandemic on the overall performance of the livestock sub sector and its effects on the national economy as a whole.

4. Land and Property Inheritance

Land ownership, in the case of both communal and commercial land, will remain with the wife and children after the death of a husband due to HIV/AIDS. This is because there has now been a change in traditional laws amongst most tribal authorities in Namibia, to recognise rights of children and wives in line with the constitution of the country. Secondly, the introduction of the Married Persons Equality Act of 1995 extends ownership of property and inheritance to both wives and children (Fuller, 2000). In contrast, findings in other countries (FAO 1993, Ayieko 1997) stated that wives and children lost access to land, inheritance and ownership when the husband died. In communal land that has been fenced, such as in the Caprivi, access of affected households to farming land could be reduced because of the practice and willingness of farmers to sell land in order to cover medical bills. In such cases, the food security and financial independence of the household could be compromised.

Wives and children could lose access land because of the practice of land grabbing. The commonly-held view is that property acquired through marriage belongs to either the paternal or maternal relatives. In the case of death due to HIV/AIDS, the situation could be worse, due to stigmatisation of the wife and children. Such a family would become more vulnerable due to food insecurity and reduced income from agriculture. In some cases, people who have inherited land by grabbing, might not even utilise it properly because of the existence of their own land, resulting eventually in reduced productivity in both farms.

In commercial farms, the security of land and property in terms of inheritance will have a relatively low impact on agricultural production after the death of a husband due to HIV/AIDS. In case where the remaining wife cannot continue to sustain agricultural production, land will be sold, or a knowledgeable manager recruited to supervise agricultural production. However, because of the impact of the labour skills lost, there would be an effect on production, even though land ownership is secure. Joint ownership of property will ensure continuity of agricultural production with very little disturbance. Interference in agricultural production could be experienced in Omusati and Oshikoto regions, however, where farmers do not always recognise changes in cultural norms and government legislation. The impact of HIV/AIDS will be minimal where there is little or no interference, while the opposite is true when there is a high degree of interference.

5. Agricultural Production

The livelihood of most people in communal areas depends on agriculture. Namibia is struggling to achieve food self-reliance in spite of the frequent droughts experienced. However, gains in increased agricultural production are threatened by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, as the elderly and weaker members of the extended family have to feed not only themselves, but also - increasingly - orphans. The elderly have established farming practices, and may not be amenable to the adoption of new techniques with which they are unfamiliar. Nonetheless, there is a need to strengthen the extension service in the communal farming areas so that at least food production can be sustained, even though extension personnel are victims of the same scourge.

To address labour shortages, strategies suggested include increased use of draught power, a shift from labour intensive crops to those requiring less labour (Muchunguzi, 1999) and pooling of labour in the community. Other techniques that could be deployed include minimum tillage to reduce labour requirements while reducing soil erosion, and intercropping. To reduce food insecurity, improved methods of local food processing and preservation to reduce wastage must be developed and disseminated. Additionally, food supplies could be established at the community level, with each family contributing to a common pool.

Attendance to family members and friends with prolonged sickness and ultimately, death leads to loss of time that could have been used in farming. Mourning in many communities lasts from 3 to 5 days, during which activities on the farm may be suspended. It is recommended that communities reduce the number of days they spend on mourning to 1- 2 days, as is the case in some parts in Uganda. Additionally, bereaved families should be advised to reduce expenditure on burials and funerals, so as to spare the resources for the benefit of orphans.

VI. Conclusions and Recommendations

·         Death and sickness rob households of people who have gained important education from mutual assistance organizations on how to practice farming techniques. They also rob organizations of individuals that initiate and teach others methods of agricultural production.

·         HIV/AIDS might, through death and sickness, lead to poor attendance of meetings that upgrade agricultural skills among members of mutual assistance organizations.

·         HIV/AIDS deaths are affecting a wide spectrum of communal farmers and to a lesser extent commercial farmers, especially in the northern parts of the country.

·         Older children that take charge of other children cannot sustain agricultural production at the same level as their parents because they have less knowledge and experience of farming. Thus, the use of child labour compromises the quantity and quality of production.

·         Parents’ deaths interrupt the socialisation of younger children and their formal and non-formal education. Interrupted education will create less able farmers for the future.

·         HIV/AIDS affects the able bodied age groups that comprise the active labour force, and have the right skills for farming

·         The deaths of young people have an impact on agricultural productivity and the reproduction of the population in the long term.

·         The responsibility of caring for the sick in the family lies primarily with women who are the backbone of agricultural production, especially in the communal areas.

·         Community support systems for persons affected by HIV/AIDS are not well established in the farming communities.

·         Some communities expressed lack of knowledge and skills with regard to the provision of home-based care for HIV/AIDS patients.

·         The level of stigma is still high in some communities, and this may hinder the health-seeking behaviours of the affected and infected persons.

·         The level of knowledge on the prevention and the ways of contracting HIV/AIDS infection among farm workers in commercial farms is lower than in communal farms, because of differential access to information, education programmes and policies implemented by commercial farmers.

·         HIV/AIDS infection has contributed to reduction of labour inputs on various farm enterprises and operations in communal and some commercial farms. The fact that there is a large pool of unemployed people that commercial farmers can draw on mitigates the impact of HIV/AIDS on reduced labour inputs on commercial farms.

·         The consequences of the reduction of labour input are: (a) reduced area cultivated, (b) increased use of child labour, (c) change in the crops grown, and (d) less intensive husbandry practices.

·         The sale of livestock to cover medical bills will, in the long term, result in a decline in the amount of off-take, especially in the northern and north eastern parts of the country. At international level, this will mean reduced sales of beef by Namibia to South Africa and the European Union.

·         In communal areas, access of households affected with HIV/AIDS to farming could be reduced because of the practice and willingness of those that are able to fence and paddock more and more land.

·         In commercial farms, the security of land and property in terms of inheritance assures continuity of agricultural production after the death of a husband due to HIV/AIDS.

·         Gains in increased agricultural production are threatened by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, as the elderly and weakened members of the extended family have not only to feed themselves but also, increasingly, orphans.

·         Mourning in many communities lasts on average from 3 to 5 days, during which time activities on the farm may have to be suspended.

·         Both the questionnaire results and group interviews revealed that none of the commercial farmers had a clear policy or strategy for dealing with HIV/AIDS on their farms. It is therefore recommended that the farmers through their organizations be encouraged to provide HIV/AIDS education and prevention efforts and where possible provide support and counselling to the afflicted.

·         Research elsewhere indicates that educated people are potentially more productive farmers as they are more open to innovation and change. It is therefore recommended that the Ministry of Basic Education and Culture and communities should encourage orphans not to interrupt their formal education.

·         That communities should adopt strategies that minimise the reduction of labour input so as to ensure sustained production and food security.

·         Establishment of community support systems by putting in place mechanisms for assisting families to take care of members with HIV/AIDS and, when the person dies, contributing to the funeral expenses.

·         Communities should be assisted in setting up feeding centres for children as well as adults providing nutritious food for the sick.

·         Prepare brochures in various languages on HIV/AIDS awareness, including home-based care of the sick.

·         In the regions where the stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS is still a problem, community members should be encouraged to open up to provide more awareness on HIV/AIDS, particularly in the commercial farming areas.

·         To ensure sufficient production of the staple foodstuffs in face of declining labour input due to HIV/AIDS infection and death of some members of households, it is recommended the MAWRD through its extension services introduce new production systems. These should include the use of co-operative labour intensive enterprises and practices.

·         The sale of livestock has been shown to be an important source of income for the treatment and care of HIV/AIDS victims and the meeting of burial and funeral expenses. This has however been observed to have a negative effect on the household herds. To minimise the effects it is recommended that MAWRD and traditional authorities institute an exchange system that encourages households to take their breeding animals to a neighbour or community member in exchange for a steer or bull instead of slaughtering the breeders. This would preserve the breeders within the locality and region, and over time, reduce the decline in production and therefore off-take.

·         In the commercial farming areas it is recommended the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare together with the farmers should mount an HIV/AIDS awareness campaign on farms. Each commercial farmer should be encouraged to devise educational and other strategies that inform workers of the dangers of HIV/AIDS, to minimise spread of the disease and the long term effect on production.

·         Traditional practices in some of the regions dictate that once the head of the household dies from HIV/AIDS, property is claimed by the relatives at the expense of the wife and children. It is recommended that government together with the traditional authorities intervene to put an end to this practice.

·         In commercial farms when the farmer dies, the land is either sold or the spouse inherits it. This may result in reduced production. To avoid this, it is recommended that the farmers should fully involve their spouses in the day to day management of the farms to ensure the sharing of skills and continuity of activities.

·         To address the labour shortages caused by HIV/AIDS infections, it is recommended that increased use be made of animal draught power. In addition use of minimum tillage is recommended.

·         Traditional systems of mourning take many days and entail considerable expenditure, yet this affects labour inputs and production. To reduce this it is recommended that the mourning periods should be reduced to a minimum with the cooperation of the traditional authorities. Mourning costs can be reduced through use of cheaper coffins.

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