REFRAMING WOMEN'S RISK: Social
Inequalities
and HIV Infection
Annu.
Rev. Public Health. 1997. 18:401-436.
Sally
Zierler
Department
of Community Health, Brown University School of Medicine, Box
G-A4, Providence,
Rhode
Island 02912; e-mail: sally_zierler@brown.edu
Nancy
Krieger
Department
of Health and Social Behavior, Harvard School of Public
Health, 677 Huntington
Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115; e-mail: nkrieger@hsph.harvard.edu
KEY WORDS: AIDS, gender, racism,
poverty, violence
Social inequalities lie at the heart of
risk of HIV infection among women in the United States. As of
December, 1995, 71,818 US women had developed AIDS-defining
diagnoses. These women have been disproportionately poor,
African-American, and Latina. Their neighborhoods have been
burdened by poverty, racism, crack cocaine, heroin, and
violence. To explain which women are at risk and why, this
article reviews the epidemiology of HIV and AIDS among women
in light of four conceptual frameworks linking health and
social justice: feminism, social production of
disease/political economy of health, ecosocial, and human
rights. The article applies these alternative theories to
describe sociopolitical contexts for AIDS' emergence and
spread in the United States, and reviews evidence linking
inequalities of class, race/ethnicity, gender, and sexuality,
as well as strategies of resistance to these inequalities, to
the distribution of HIV among women.
Full-text links to some of the citing
articles in other journals:
Koenig, L. J.,
Whitaker, D. J., Royce, R. A., Wilson, T. E., Callahan, M. R.,
Fernandez, M. I. (2002). Violence During
Pregnancy Among Women With or at Risk for HIV
Infection. Am J Public Health 92: 367-370
Brown-Peterside,
P., Rivera, E., Lucy, D., Slaughter, I., Ren, L., Chiasson, M.
A., Koblin, B. A. (2001). Retaining
Hard-to-Reach
Women in HIV Prevention and Vaccine Trials: Project ACHIEVE.
Am J Public Health 91: 1377-1379
Estebanez, P. E,
Russell, N. K, Aguilar, M D., Béland, F., Zunzunegui, M. V.
(2000). Women, drugs and HIV/AIDS: results of a multicentre
European study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 29: 734-743
Ruiz, J. D,
Molitor, F., McFarland, W., Klausner, J., Lemp, G.,
Page-Shafer, K., Parikh-Patel, A., Morrow, S., Sun, R. K
(2000). Prevalence of HIV infection, sexually transmitted
diseases, and hepatitis and related risk behavior in young
women living in low-income neighborhoods of northern
California. eWJM 172: 368-373
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