Women are harder hit in Africa than men. About 55
percent of all adults living in the sub-continent with
HIV/AIDS are women. The difference between infected men
and women is most pronounced in those less than 25 years
of age. The reasons for these extremely high rates in
girls are not fully understood. Biological vulnerability
of young girls and the fact that girls frequently have
sex partners of much higher age - with high levels of
infection - likely play a role.
HIV/AIDS is primarily a young person's disease.
Youths have a higher rate of risk taking behaviors and
because of these behaviors; they are more prone to
become infected with this virus.
The time duration from exposure to death ranges
between 8.5 years in less developed countries, to 15
years in the more advance countries primarily due to
access to medications and healthcare.
Because of the age factor, this group (young people)
are generally performing the most physically demanding
tasks for a society-the high intensity labor work as
they try to acquire a higher skill level to advance into
the next higher employment class.
HIV/AIDS is causing the (removal) loss of this
productive group from society.
|
Document Name & Link to Document |
Description |
File Type/Size |
|
Macroeconomic Impact of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia |
In this
paper, a small macroeconomietric model of Ethiopia is used to
simulate the macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia. The
model is set up in aggregate demand and supply framework and the
individual equations in the model are estimated in an ECM format
using the Jobansen approach in view of the time series
properties of the macro-time series variables. The simulation
result shows that the prevalence of HIV/AIDS has a negative
impact on the overall economy through lowering the active labour
force. The decline in the labour force has a direct negative
impact on both the output of the agricultural and
non-agricultural sectors that would lead to the fall in private
consumption, investment, exports and government tax revenue.
The slow down of the economy would also be strengthened with the
fall in imports due to the decline in exports and hence the
shrinking down of the importing capacity. |
200 kb pdf |
|
Macroeconomic Level: HIV/AIDS
|
Macroeconomic research issues of HIV/AIDS- There
seem to be a consensus that accurate effects at the
macroeconomic level are difficult to ascertain. |
|
|
Macroeconomic Models of the Impact of HIV/AIDS |
Major
differences of opinion are emerging in assessments of the
socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS in heavily affected countries
between the experiences of those who are devising practical
responses to the pandemic, and forecasts based on macroeconomic
modeling. |
176 kb pdf |
|
Measuring Economic Impact of AIDS
|
The HIV/AIDS epidemic is affecting all spheres of
human activity and behavior. Because most of the hardest-hit
countries are still overwhelmingly rural, the epidemic
represents an enormous threat to rural development. |
|
|
Meeting-The Challenge |
The acute labor shortage created by HIV/AIDS and
its severe consequences for agriculture production and food
security or rural household has been well documented. The paper
tries to development methods to reduce this burden |
PDF / 461 KB |
|
Meeting the Global Challenge of HIV/AIDS |
More people
have dies from HIV/AIDS over the last twenty years than from any
other disease in human history. The devastation caused by the
epidemic poses a clear and direct challenge to long-term US
economic and security interests AIDS is devastating whole
societies and economies, depriving countries of the educated and
skilled individuals required to build democratic governments,
professional militaries, and free market economies |
594 kb pdf |
|
Millions of AIDS Orphans Strain Southern Africa |
The United
Nations Children's Fund estimates in a new report that 11
million children under 15 in sub-Saharan Africa have lost at
least one parent to AIDS. About a third of them have lost both
parents. By 2010, Unicef predicts, AIDS will have claimed at
least one of the parents of 15 percent of the region's children
- 20 million in all. |
|
|
NGO code of Good Practice-responding to HIV/AIDS |
Today, human
security is being threatened by HIV/AIDS, as the virus
destabilizes society and the state in various ways—as the
economically active succumb to AIDS-related illnesses, families,
households, workplaces, and communities are disrupted, income
levels are reduced, the social fabric undermined, and economies
are weakened |
248 kb pdf |
|
Overview of the Impact & best responses. |
Impact and
best practice response in favour of children in a world affected
by HIV/AIDS |
261 kb pdf |
|
Poor State of Finance in East Africa
|
The major consequence of financial services being
inaccessible and unaffordable by the vast majority of the
productive sectors in the region is that demand for financial
services far outstrips supply |
|
|
Poor to get Aids drugs first |
Their understanding of the problems with HIV/Aids
prevention, support and care services were instrumental in
writing the Global Fund proposal, which included all aspects of
the fight against HIV/AIDS |
|
|
Poverty and AIDS. |
Looks at the
relation between HIV/AIDS and poverty and tries to say something
about the relationship. |
128 kb pdf |
|
Poverty and Labour Market Markers of HIV+ Households: An
Exploratory Methodological Analysis |
This study,
through an exploratory but promising methodology, provides a
tentative analysis of the relationship between HIV, poverty and
labour markets. The paper illustrates that the relationship
between poverty, labour markets and HIV is not homogenous but
multi-dimensional in character. The analysis examines these
inter-relationships at both the household and individual level.
The key findings from the analysis suggest that imputed HIV
positive women come from poorer households than imputed negative
women |
Pdf 959 kb |
|
Private Sector Response |
Private Sector Response 785 kb PDF This report
conveys a number of important lessons. They not only apply to
commercial organizations but also have relevance for those
operating in the NGO sector. |
PDF / 785KB |
|
Relationships between work and HIV/AIDS status |
During the
past decade HIV infection has become a pandemic, affecting
millions of workers. HIV/AIDS in the workplace has made a
decided impact on business and will continue to do so for years.
The objectives of the study were to evaluate the impact of
HIV/AIDS on work and to assess the reasons behind cessation of
occupational activities among HIV-infected persons. |
Pdf 193 |
|
|
|
Results: HIV/AIDS |
The UNGASS
Declaration called for a fundamental shift in our response to
HIV/AIDS. No longer perceived as only a health sector concern,
the epidemic is now accepted by the world’s leaders as a global
development challenge of highest priority. The implications of
this shift for the UN system are profound and far-reaching.
Effective support to national HIV/AIDS responses demands that we
fundamentally re-think current plans and programmes; find the
courage to take risks, innovate and expand interventions on a
scale never before achieved; and forthrightly address issues
such as stigma. Discrimination, gender inequality and
inequitable access to prevention, care and treatment |
118 kb pdf |
|
Social & Economic Impact of AIDS |
Politicians, policy makers and others often
expect, and are looking for, a dramatic and measurable impact
from the disease (AIDS) - something they can respond to in a
technical manner as they respond to many other social, economic
and medical problems. There are number of reasons shy this is
not and will not be possible |
PDF / 193KB |
|
Socio-Economic Causes and Consequences of HIV / AIDS: A Focus on
South Asia |
HIV/AIDS is
a major development challenge with implications beyond the
health sector. Socio-economic factors such as gender inequality,
poverty and livelihood issues, which are key causes of high
mobility and migration of people and trafficking of women and
children, also contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS, and are, in
turn exacerbated by it. These factors operate within the legal
and ethical environment, which also influences responses to the
HIV-affected. |
|
|
Socio-economic effects of HIV/AIDS in African countries |
This study
considers the impact on enterprises. The most notable negative
effect has been the decline in labour supply and loss in
productivity because of absenteeism, while the effect on capital
appears less certain. Many of these effects are greater for
small businesses that are dependent on a few key persons and
therefore will be particularly vulnerable. Foreign direct
investment is likely to decline because of the economic
uncertainties created by the epidemic. Declining economic
growth will mean that the demand for domestic goods will be hit. |
374 kb pdf |
|
Socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS on households in South Africa
(Large report-increased download time) |
The impact
of HIV/AIDS on households was assessed by means of a
longitudinal (cohort) study of households affected by the
disease. The CHSR&D established a formal relationship with
various stakeholders in the two study sites to facilitate the
recruitment of affected households. Verbal informed consent was
obtained from infected individuals to interview the households
to which they belong. The household impact of HIV/AIDS was
determined by comparing over time the observed trends in
socioeconomic variables in HIV/AIDS households and a control
group using statistical methods. For this purpose, a survey on
the quality of life and the economics of affected and
non-affected households was conducted. |
|
|
Socio-economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on People Living with HIV/AIDS
and their Families |
The
deteriorating economic impact on the PLWHA is also shocking…The
number is increasing and now we are about 10% of the global HIV
population…We shall make mistake if we don’t take these findings
seriously and strengthen out responses to HIV/AIDS |
339 kb pdf |
|
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE HIV EPIDEMIC |
The
complexity of the HIV/AIDS epidemic stems from its links with
all aspects of society and culture. Social and cultural factors
affect not only viral transmission, but also the success of
prevention strategies and the compassion with which people
living with the virus are treated. A clear understanding of
those factors therefore becomes a point of departure for
planning the control of the epidemic. |
Pdf 320 kb |
|
Social Capital |
Social Capital 294 kb PDF Using household panel
data that include directly solicited information on economic
shocks and employing household fixed-effects estimation, this
paper explores how well households cope with shocks by examining
the effects of shocks on child nutritional status |
PDF / 294KB |
|
Still no excuses: Orphans and vulnerable children and HIV/AIDS |
HIV/AIDS is the biggest threat to the developing world. Fairer
trade rules and debt relief will be in vain if the HIV epidemic
is not dealt with. Its impact on the societies and economies of
the developing world, especially in Africa, is already
devastating. |
87 kb pdf |
|
The Challenge of HIV/AIDS for Food Security and
Nutrition |
"With shortage of labor in the household and lack
of resources to obtain agricultural inputs, many households have
to resort to changing their usual crop mix, in order to cope
with the stress of chronic sickness. The more labor intensive
crops, as well as those requiring expensive inputs, may be
dropped (tobacco). When faced with making the difficult choice,
a household may decide to grow crops only in their garden or
only the field, thereby dropping all the crops grown in one
area. In an indirect way chronic sickness and death in the
household also impacts the crop-mix adopted by the household
when they deplete all their resources to meet the medical needs
of the sick person, and then are left with no cash to buy
fertilizers or seeds. This forces the household to drop one or
two crops for that agricultural season." |
|
|
THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF HIV IN RUSSIA |
HIV/AIDS has two effects on the supply of labor:
a decline in absolute numbers, as the death rate increases, and
a decline in the productivity of workers who are affected by
HIV. |
|
|
The Economic Impact of AIDS in Nigeria |
AIDS
has the potential to create severe economic impacts in many
African countries. It is different from most other disease
because it strikes people in the most productive are groups and
is essentially 100 percent fatal. The effects will vary
according to the severity of the AIDS epidemic and the structure
of the national economies. The two major economic effects
are a reduction in the labor supply and increased costs |
187 kb pdf |
|
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Retailers |
A scan of
press releases and research reports relating to HIV/AIDS and the
retail sector reveals one simple truth… Retailers have done very
little to protect themselves against the harmful effects of the
epidemic. The business community and general population
typically have the same attitude towards the threat of HIV/AIDS.
There is denial amongst those most at risk, refusal to talk
openly about the issues and safeguards. Most individuals prefer
not to know the full extent of the problem and there is a
general failure to change behaviour and recognise that each
institution is as vulnerable as the next. It is important that
retailers identify the impact that HIV/AIDS will have on an
individual business. An effective response to the epidemic can
only be achieved by convincing all stakeholders of the severity
of the problem. A greater understanding of the impact is also
required in developing an appropriate response to the epidemic. |
Pdf 306 kb |
|
The Economic Impact of AIDS in South Africa |
AIDS has the
potential to create severe economic impacts in many African
countries. It is different from most other diseases because it
strikes people in the most productive age groups and is
essentially 100 percent fatal. The effects will vary according
to the severity of the AIDS epidemic and the structure of the
national economies. |
Pdf 251 kb |
|
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AIDS IN THE United States |
Because of
the virulence and deadliness of the disease, which has generally
required acute hospital care, serious concerns about its impact
on health care costs were raised almost from the beginning. Yet
only in the past three or four years have some data on its costs
become available from a number of studies that have estimated
the economic impact of AIDS. Even now, serious data gaps remain.
Because we appear to have reached the end of the first phase of
the medical management of AIDS, with its heavy reliance on
inpatient hospital care, it is timely now to review the studies
and estimates relating to the costs of the epidemic and its
economic impact that have been made to date. |
Pdf 137 kb |
|
The
Globalization of Disease |
As trade, travel,
and food sources become more global, humans, animals, and plants
are being exposed to myriad new and ever more resilient
diseases. Increasingly antibiotics fail to subdue
multi-drug-resistant forms of diseases, such as tuberculosis,
that they once nearly eliminated. Although there is no agreement
on what is causing this trend—theories include climate changes,
manipulation of plants and animals, genetic engineering,
increased mobility of humans and food sources, and terrorism—the
fact remains that disease threats are increasing. Officials in
the United States and the international community need to begin
containing the threat that diseases and pests pose in an
increasingly globalized world, by putting into place reliable,
cooperative, and responsive systems to anticipate, prevent,
detect, and react to outbreaks—both those caused inadvertently
and those caused by terrorist attack. |
|
|
THE IMPACT OF HIV/AIDS |
This paper begins with the impact of HIV/AIDS on
the social structure in the farming communities and is followed
by the impacts on labor and income, land ownership and the
health and psychological well-being of affected households
including school-age children in schools. Findings on the impact
of the epidemic on crop and livestock production, community
coping mechanisms and strategies for increasing labor
productivity are also covered. |
|
|
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Civil Society
(large report-increase download time) |
Assessing
and mitigating impact-tools and models for NGOs and CBOs |
561 kb pdf |
|
The impact of HIV/AIDS on rural households/communities and the
need for multisectoral prevention and mitigation strategies to
combat the epidemic in rural areas |
HIV/AIDS is
no longer restricted to cities. The disease is now spreading
with alarming speed into rural areas and affects the farming
population, especially people in their most productive years
(ages 15 to 45). However, there is also some evidence of
stabilization in HIV infection rates in certain areas of East
and Central Africa. In one rural district of southwest Uganda,
the percentage of those aged 13 and above acquiring HIV
infection each year declined from 7.5 percent in 1989-1990 to
4.5 percent in 1993. This is attributed to success in changing
sexual behaviour. |
|
|
|
|
The impact of HIV/AIDS on adult Mortality. |
This report is a
chilling reminder of how powerful stereotypes across society
have colluded in creating the most explosive epidemic in the
history of our country. Comprehensive, powerful and rigorous as
these data are, they can be seized upon positively by
individuals, government and society to intervene at many levels
such that no South African person, family or community has to
live under the cloud of this vicious and unrelenting epidemic |
Pdf 434 kb |
|
THE IMPACT OF HIV/AIDS ON NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT |
This article
attempts to project into public domain, by means of authentic
and honest analysis of the practical realities on the ground,
the devastating consequences of HIV/AIDS on our collective
social existence, growth and national development.
|
|
|
The Impact on Economic Growth in Africa of Rising Costs
and Labor Productivity Losses Associated with HIV/AIDS |
This
paper analyzes the impact of HIV/AIDS using a model of economic
retrogression. Derived from reversing direction in an endogenous
growth framework, the model provides a fresh perspective of the
impact of HIV/AIDS on economic growth. Many analysts have now
recognized that their best estimates of the effect of the
epidemic have been systematically understated. What they have
failed to fully account for is that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has
been having a non-linear effect on economic growth. Our model
incorporates this element by including the feedback to the rate
of economic growth of declining savings and investment due to
rising costs and falling productivity associated with HIV/AIDS. |
|
|
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Health System and Child Health |
This study
finds that HIV/AIDS has generated a substantial increase in the
overall burden of disease, crowded out the health resources
assigned to the care of traditional sicknesses, (iii) directed
most of the additional demand for care at the secondary and
tertiary levels thus causing a congestion at these levels while
weakening primary health care, including the programs targeted
at children and mothers, caused a substantial increase in
health expenditure that was financed by the households in poor
countries and by the public sector in the middle income ones and
eroded the delivery capacity of the whole health sector due to
mounting infection rates among the staff and falling expenditure
on fixed investment and maintenance. As for the impact on U5MR,
the evidence shows that countries with high HIV prevalence
rates, a high coverage of child health services and low U5MR in
the pre-AIDS era, there was a marked reversal of the declining
trend in child mortality. |
Pdf 153 kb |
|
The Impact of HIV and AIDS on Children, Families and
Communities: |
While recent
scientific efforts have resulted in a series of discoveries and
advances in understanding and controlling the virus that causes
AIDS, this progress has had limited impact on the majority of
HIV infected people and populations living in developing
countries. The social and economic conditions that nurture the
spread of the virus have to be confronted as essential elements
in local and global efforts to stem its spread and create
effective solutions to halt the epidemic. The current
demographics of the epidemic illustrate that this is
particularly true of the conditions of human life during
childhood |
|
|
THE IMPLICATIONS OF HIV/AIDS FOR SOCIAL PROTECTION |
The
myriad of impacts of HIV/AIDS on poor people is increasingly
well documented. Poverty research from many different
disciplines and sectors has contributed to a growing
understanding of the current and potential future impacts of the
epidemic. The main outcome of this improved understanding is
recognition, on the parts of governments, donors and civil
society, of the need to take action in order to mitigate the
growing vulnerability and poverty effects of the epidemic. At
the same time, there has been a re-emergence of concern amongst
policy-makers regarding the ways in which social protection
interventions can help households cope with livelihood
insecurity. Debates about social protection focus on new types
of interventions and on appropriate targeting and implementation
mechanisms. Through a review of current understandings of the
impact of HIV/AIDS and a brief analysis of emerging new
perspectives on social protection, this paper demonstrates why
it is important for policy-makers and practitioners to explore
the implications of HIV/AIDS for social protection.
|
|
|
The long-run economic costs of AIDS: Theory and an application
to South Africa |
Most existing
estimates of the macroeconomic costs of Aids, as measured by the
reduction in the growth rate of GDP, are modest. For Africa,
they range between 0.3 and 1.5 per cent annually. This is
because these estimates are based on an underlying assumption
that the main effect of increased mortality is to relieve
pressure on existing land and physical capital so that output
per head is little affected. |
|
|
The Macroeconomic Impact |
The macro
economic impact of HIV/AIDS has two dimensions, namely direct
and indirect costs. The latter is much more difficult to
estimate, whilst its effect is also much more profound. This
situation is aggravated by the fact that the portion of the
population most affected by HIV/AIDS is the most economically
active. The result of this is reduced economic growth and hence
pressures on income. This could translate into changes in
expenditure patterns that would definitely have an impact on the
demand for food. Although the per capita income is expected to
increase, it is projected that total expenditure on food will
decrease in 2004 and 2009 in the "With HIV/AIDS" scenario. In
constant 1995 terms, AIDS will cause a reduction in food
expenditure in 2004 from 265,6 million to 258,8 million, while
in 2009 the pandemic will result in a 6,52 per cent reduction
from 294,5 million to 275,3 million |
|
|
The National Security Implications of HIV/AIDS
|
Despite the
high-pro. le linking of HIV/AIDS and security, including four
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) meetings and prominent
mention within the United States national security strategy,
critical debate about the ways in which public health interacts
with the security interests of states are scarce in public
health journals. Journals have examined the ways national
security issues, including the recent war in Iraq and the
Israeli–Palestinian con. Ict [3,4], have negatively affected
public health. However, the ways public health affects national
security interests have rarely been considered. It is essential
to examine this debate, including evidence for the links between
HIV/AIDS and national security, from a public health perspective
because of the implications this linkage has for the direction
and funding of global HIV/AIDS efforts. |
Pdf 927 kb |
|
Top Russian Official Says One In 25 Could Have HIV In Five Years |
The top
Russian government HIV/AIDS expert, Vadim Pokrovsky of the
Russian Center for AIDS Prevention and Treatment, said in a new
report yesterday that at least 500,000 Russians have HIV and
that as many as 1.5 million of the country's 147 million people
may be infected. |
|
|
Ukraine-socio-economic impact |
There is a strong possibility that Ukraine is
confronted by an HIV epidemic, which will spread into the
general population. |
PDF / 95KB |
|
UNICEF report on Africa's orphaned generations |
Today, over 11
million children under the age of 15 living in sub- Saharan
Africa have been robbed of one or both parents by HIV/Aids.
Seven years from now, the number is expected to have grown to 20
million. At that point, anywhere from 15 per cent to over 25 per
cent of the children in a dozen sub-Saharan African countries
will be orphans - the vast majority of them will have been
orphaned by HIV/AIDS. |
|
We
have AIDS-
Access to Medication and care
AIDS and the Marketplace
Choking the seeds of learning
Compassion in the Midst of crisis
Food Security Spiral
The Role of Gender
Youth…part of the Solution |
How can a
country that cannot afford to feed its own people and assure
them of food security, spend money on medication and care?
Most of the
40 million people infected with HIV are in the prime of their
working lives. The effects are momentous—not just on workers
and their families, but on enterprises and entire national and
regional economies. AIDS has become a crucial workplace issue
and a massive development challenge.”
In the most
affected countries, the loss of teachers due to AIDS is expected
to outstrip the ability of training colleges to provide new
qualified teachers.
Many of us
don’t even know someone personally who is infected with HIV or
AIDS, even though there are a lot of people suffering with the
disease in out neighborhoods and even in our churches
Food
security, described as your-round access to sufficient food of
appropriate nutritional value, is a basic human need. It is
dependent on availability, stability, and accessibility of food
supplies. All of these are diminished when HIV/AIDS enters a
community
The relative
lack of power that women experience and conditions of poverty go
hand in hand with behaviors to create the conditions ripe for a
high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in women.
Tanzanian
girls are taught to submit to men, so if a man asks them for sex
they feel that they cannot refuse or even insist on protecting
themselves |
780 kb pdf
140 kb pdf
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771 lb pdf
153 kb
pdf |
|
Wealth Alone does not Buy Health-State Capacity, Democracy, and
the Spread of AIDS |
In this
paper- it considers how a variety of domestic factors influence
HIV infection rates across countries. We argue that states with
higher state capacity lend to slow down the spread of HIV/AIDS
epidemic. Moreover, we argue that democracies tend to be more
responsive to the needs of the population and can be more
efficient in curtailing the spread of HIV/AIDS. |
Pdf 443 kb |
|
Welfare
implications |
The fact that relatively better-off households
have a more diversified income base following the shocks implies
that the poor are more vulnerable to economic changes
unaccompanied by well-designed safety nets. |
PDF / 297KB |
|
Which is the Scourge: Debt or HIV/AIDS
|
HIV/AIDS is not the only problem demanding
government attention. In the poorest countries especially,
confronting AIDS can consume scarce resources that could be used
for other pressing needs. Most of the countries worst affected
by HIV virus are already buckling under the heavy burden of
international debt |
|
|
World Bank approves 20 Million for Trinidad |
The World Bank yesterday approved a $20 million
loan aimed at reducing HIV infections and providing treatment
and care for people infected with HIV/AIDS in Trinidad and
Tobago. |
|
|
World Bank says AIDS worst Economic Evil
|
"The irony of AIDS is that it is striking the
middle age group which constitutes the majority of the
productive workforce. This is bringing a lot of pressure to
economies at national and household level," |
|
|
World Bank: Accelerating Response to HIV/AIDS
|
HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of death in the 15
to 44 year age group in the Caribbean. By the end of 2001, more
than a half million people in the region were infected with the
disease. |
|
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