-
Illness and/or death of one or more household members
-
Change in the size and composition of households
-
Children orphaned by the epidemic
-
Addition of adult relative to assist with farm production, housework
and/or child care
-
Temporary migration for wage work
-
Change in the household dependency ratio
-
Withdrawal of children from school to work on or off the farm for
wages
-
Intra-household reallocation of labor
-
Decrease in area cultivated (increased fallow)
-
Decline in crop variety
-
Change in cropping patterns and/or animal production to less
labor-intensive practices
-
Declining yields
-
Lengthening of the working day
-
Sex work on a casual or commercial basis
-
Loss of agricultural knowledge, practices and skills
-
Change in access to human resources
-
Reductions in income from farm and off-farm sources
-
Liquidation of savings accounts
-
Seeking remittances from family
-
Change in degree of reliance on off-farm income among male,
orphan and female-headed households
-
Change in wage earning among female-headed households
-
Change in income-generating activities among female-headed
households (Topouzis 2000)
-
Sale of stores of value (jewelry, household goods)
-
Borrowing from informal sector (relatives, friends, neighbors, rural
coops, rotating and savings club associations)
-
Borrowing from rural traders or money lenders
-
Pledging of future crops
-
Exhaustion of credit resources
-
Sale of livestock