"In the year 2001, it would be fair to say that
HIV has emerged as a phenomenon in the lives of people world-wide
and has become a social reality. Sadly, the focus of government-sponsored
programmes has been only on prevention of the spread of HIV, and
not on care, treatment and/ or support. Despite the obvious trends,
government campaigns have been desperately slow and have been targeting
populations in a compartmentalized manner. The government has been
unwilling to look at the issues relating to illness within a family
and the consequent dip in its economic conditions.
The sense of crisis is heightened as more and more people get infected
with HIV and are dying due to the lack of medicines and treatment
in hospitals. The rapidly emerging problems that families, including
women and children, have to deal with have been completely ignored
and HIV has shifted the burden on to people who are themselves dependent
on food, clothing, shelter, medicines, etc. The laws of the land
have evolved to partly protect the economic rights of women and
their matrimonial property rights. Paradoxically, the ground realities
and social circumstances relating to HIV have only perpetuated,
exacerbated and heightened the inequalities that render women homeless
and destitute - this despite the fact that the position of women
under law has changed radically.
Women have for long been economically dependent. Economic dependency
was fostered so that the wife could fulfill her role of procreation,
bring up children and be available for sex to the husband. The law
casts a duty upon a man to maintain his wife, children and aged
parents. The wife thus has a right to be maintained by her husband,
during marriage, on separation and as alimony on divorce. Maintenance
includes providing a residence, food, clothing, medicines and the
basic comforts in life. The amount of maintenance would depend on
the income of the husband.
In the HIV scenario, the economic burden of the family seems to
be falling on women and children. When the husband, the breadwinner
in the family, falls ill and enters the symptomatic stage, he is
unable to work. He thus has no source of income and cannot maintain
his wife and children. The few savings made over the years are spent
on treatment. Consequently the nutrition levels of the family as
a whole fall drastically. The women often sell their jewellery to
pay for the costs of medicines and treatment. The children are forced
to drop out of school, as they have to look after an ill parent,
do chores in the house and contribute to the finances in the family.
This is a common phenomenon in most families affected by HIV. ."
WOMEN AND HIV/AIDS - THE PERPETUAL BATTLE OF THE "BETTER HALF'S
|
Making
Sex Work Safe
(Large report-increased download time) |
Making Sex
Work Safe covers key issues for those initiating projects,
including developing policies and strategies, what is safe
commercial sex, working with mobile populations and drug
users, and planning and evaluating projects. However, it does
not attempt to be a complete guide. |
2500 kb
pdf |
|
Male
circumcision for the heterosexual acquisition of HIV in
men
|
Circumcision
practices are largely culturally determined, so there are
strong beliefs and opinions surrounding them.
|
Pdf 169 kb
|
|
Mapping the inhuman Trade: Preliminary Findings of the
Database on Trafficking in Human Beings |
Trafficking in human beings has been one of the most heated
topics in international criminological discourse for some
years. Many issues have been debated, such as the
definition of trafficking in human beings, the differences
between such trafficking and smuggling of migrants, its
connection with prostitution and the legal significance of
the consent of victims, to mention just a few.
|
Pdf 99 kb |
|
Medical
Adherence among HIV positive Women
|
For
HIV-positive patients, effective therapy often requires
complex dosing regimens involving combinations of
antiretroviral medications to suppress viral replication,
delay disease progression, and prolong survival. However, poor
compliance with this medication regimen can lead to incomplete
viral suppression and the development of drug-resistant
strains.
|
|
|
Men as Partners: South African Men Respond to
Violence Against Women and HIV/AIDS |
In South
Africa, like in many parts of the world, men all too often
act in ways that contribute to a variety of public health
problems such as domestic and sexual violence, sexually
transmitted infections, spiraling rates of HIV/AIDS, and
high rates of maternal and infant mortality. |
1121 kb
pdf |
|
Men of Quality are not afraid of equality. |
Besides
deep changes in society, what we need is a deeply spiritual
transformation in identity of men |
2,619 kb
pdf |
|
Migration, trafficking & Exploitation of Women in Thailand |
Health and
HIV/AIDS risks for Burmese and Hill tribe women and girls.
This report describes the policy failures of the government of
Thailand, despite a program widely hailed as a model of HIV
prevention for the region. |
625 kb pdf |
|
Migration Trends in Central Asia and the Case of Trafficking
of Women
(Large report-increase download time) |
After the
collapse of the Soviet Union and the elimination of state
regulation of population movements, migration from, to and
within Central Asia has become an acute and continuous
process. |
Pdf 4820
kb |
|
Modern-Day
Comfort Women: The US Military, Transnational Crime, and the
Trafficking of Women |
This paper
will examine three types of trafficking that are connected to
US military bases in South Korea: Domestic trafficking of
Korean women to clubs around the military bases in South
Korea, transnational trafficking of women to clubs around
military bases in South Korea, and the transnational
trafficking of women from South Korea to massage parlors in
the United States |
71 kb pdf |
|
Modern Marriage, Extramarital Sex, and HIV Risk in
Southeastern Nigeria |
For women
in Nigeria, as in many settings, simply being married can
contribute to the risk of contracting HIV. This ethnographic
study examines how modern marriage, despite appearances of
greater gender equality, places many women in positions
where they cannot easily confront their husbands’ infidelity
or protect themselves from HIV infection. Male extramarital
sexual practices are situated in socioeconomic and cultural
contexts, showing how the social organization of infidelity
is located at the intersection of economic inequality,
aspirations for modern lifestyles, gender disparities, and
contradictory moralities. It is people’s anxieties about
sexual morality and social reputation in the context of
seeking modern lifestyles -- rather than immoral sexual
behavior and traditional culture – that exacerbate risks
produced by poverty and inequality. |
Pdf 324 kb |
|
Morality of Premarital Sex by Religiosity and Generation |
Premarital
sex is an issue that most teenagers and young couples face
as they enter new phases of their relationship. The purpose
of this study is to determine if there is a correlation
between acceptance of sexual relations before marriage and
religiosity or generation. This study is a cross-sectional,
secondary analysis of the variables PREMARSX, RELPERSN, and
COHORT (which was recoded into three generation categories),
which were extracted from the 1998 General Social Survey (GSS).
Data analysis of the three variables was performed using the
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 10.0,
applying Pearson's chi-square as the test of statistical
significance and Cramer's V as the measure of association.
The results of this study indicate that very religious
people are more inclined to view premarital sexual relations
as always wrong. When compared to the three generation
categories, no significant correlation existed. |
|
|
“My husband has many girlfriends”:-The political economy of
male infidelity and married women’s HIV risk in Uganda |
Married
women’s greatest risk for HIV infection is from their
husbands’ extramarital liaisons. This article examines the
socio-economic context that shapes men’s extramarital
sexuality. Based on six months of ethnographic research in
southeastern Uganda, this paper demonstrates how the
intertwining of (1) HIV messages of ‘be faithful’, (2) new
discourses of modern love and gender equality, and (3)
monetization of the economy have driven men’s extramarital
sex underground. Increased stigma surrounding polygyny and
infidelity combined with mobility and migration patterns
have facilitated greater secrecy surrounding extramarital
relationships and a pattern of informal secondary
households. Denial and secrecy surrounding extramarital
sexuality have become a way for husbands and wives to manage
their pubic reputations and maintain the appearance of
modern marital idea. By examining geographies of secrecy and
risk, this paper suggests that risk reduction must address
structural factors that provide opportunities for men’s
extramarital sex. |
Pdf 324 kb |
|
New challenges: HIV/AIDS and drugs |
Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS have led in some parts of the
world to an increased demand for young sex partners, including
very young children. In addition to the fallacy that children are
less likely to contract and transmit HIV/AIDS, in some countries
of Asia these are long-established myths about the rejuvenating
powers of youth.
|
82 kb pdf |
|
New Zealand Sex Industry-a guide to Occupational Health and
Safety |
This guide
has been written for everyone involved in the New Zealand sex
industry: sex workers both employed and self-employed,
operators, owners and others such as sex worker organizations. |
408 kb pdf |
|
News: OSI Sues USAID over Dangerous Public
Health Policy |
The Open
Society Institute (OSI), along with its affiliate the Alliance
for Open Society International (AOSI), filed a lawsuit today
against USAID to challenge its unconstitutional and dangerous
policy of requiring grantees to sign a pledge opposing
prostitution. Failure to endorse this loyalty oath means health
workers across the world striving to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS
could lose funding and be forced to abandon life-saving
programs. |
|
|
Nun or prostitute? Tibet's women face few choices |
There are
few choices for women in Tibet-if you are single you can either
become a nun or prostitute. |
|
|
Obstetric Care in Patients with HIV Disease |
Appropriate management of pregnant patients who have human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease can have a major impact on
maternal and infant health. The goals of therapy are to properly
manage the pregnancy, treat the maternal HIV infection and
minimize the risk of vertical transmission of HIV. Early
detection of HIV through aggressive screening programs is
necessary to initiate timely therapy. |
|
|
OPEN-ENDED PROSTITUTION AS A SKILLFUL GAME OF LUCK |
Rural to
urban migrants from depressed areas of Thailand, and
particularly the Northeast (Isaan), move into Bangkok in
ever-greater numbers in search of employment and income for
their own subsistence or for the support of their relatives back
home. Prominent among these are large numbers of young women,
many of whom hope to make enough money in the city to be able to
support not only themselves, but also their parents, siblings
and children. They soon realize that the employment
opportunities for uneducated and unskilled workers are severely
limited. In fact, it appears that in recent years the
opportunity structure facing unskilled in-migrant women in
Bangkok has even contracted. |
|
|
Passing the
Test: New York's Newborn |
This
appendix traces the evolution of policy in New York State
regarding the screening of newborns for HIV antibodies, from
the introduction of the blinded newborn seroprevalence survey
in November 1987 through the implementation of the mandatory
newborn testing and notification begun in February 1997. |
|
|
Police investigate trafficking of women across West Timor border |
Many Indonesian women were enticed to work abroad with high
salary but in fact they were sold and forced to make a living as
sex workers.
According to Gadis, the current law on
children's protection could not cover all cases of women and
children smuggling. |
|
|
Positively Abandoned: Stigma and Discrimination against
HIV-positive Mothers and their Children in Russia |
Russia is
home to one of the fastest-growing and potentially massive AIDS
epidemics in the world, but the government has done little to
address the problem. As a result, the Russian public today,
though highly educated, is almost as ignorant of HIV and how it
is spread as it was ten years ago, when AIDS was hardly known in
Russia |
Pdf 303 kb |
|
Predictors of Risky Sexual Behavior in African American
Adolescent Girls: Implications for Prevention Interventions |
Teens
presenting in primary care settings in urban
environments seem to be at high risk for HIV, STDs, and
substance abuse, and risk reduction strategies should
be introduced during the preteen years. An
interdisciplinary model of care in primary care
settings serving adolescents is clearly indicated, and
prevention-oriented interventions aimed at reducing risky
behaviors and preventing the development of more
significant health, mental health, or substance abuse
disorders are needed. |
|
|
Pregnancy in Perinatally HIV-Infected Adolescents and Young
Adults -- Puerto Rico, 2002 |
The number of perinatally HIV-infected females in the United
States who are becoming both sexually active and pregnant is
increasing. During August 1998-May 2002, a total of 10
pregnancies were identified among eight perinatally HIV-infected
adolescents and young adults in Puerto Rico; in April 2002, the
Puerto Rico Department of Health (PRDOH) asked CDC to assist in
assessing such pregnancies. This report describes these
pregnancies and discusses factors associated with sexual
activity and pregnancy. |
|
|
Perspectives
on trafficking in human beings-English, Portuguese, and Greek
Languages |
Trafficking
in human beings is a controversial and delicate issue. Victims
of this phenomenon are often liable to inhuman treatments.
However, in most countries, they are regarded as irregular
migrants who face forced deportation |
1,834 kb pdf |
|
Predictors
of Mother-Adolescent Discussions About Condoms: Implications
for Providers Who Serve Youth
|
By
univariate analysis, mother-adolescent communication about
condoms was associated with greater knowledge about sexuality
and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, perception of having
enough information to discuss condoms, information from a
health-related source, less conservative attitudes about
adolescent sexuality, perception that the adolescent was at
risk for human immunodeficiency virus, greater ability and
comfort in discussing condoms, stronger belief that condoms
prevent human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome, and a more favorable endorsement of condoms
|
|
|
Predictors
of Mother-Adolescent Discussions About Condoms: Implications
for Providers Who Serve Youth
|
By
univariate analysis, mother-adolescent communication about
condoms was associated with greater knowledge about sexuality
and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, perception of having
enough information to discuss condoms, information from a
health-related source, less conservative attitudes about
adolescent sexuality, perception that the adolescent was at
risk for human immunodeficiency virus, greater ability and
comfort in discussing condoms, stronger belief that condoms
prevent human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome, and a more favorable endorsement of condoms
|
150 kb pdf
|
|
Preparing for adulthood: adolescent sexual and reproductive
health |
The nature
and experience of adolescence vary tremendously by sex,
marital status, class, region and cultural context. As a
group, however, adolescents are generally recognized to have
sexual and reproductive health needs that differ from those of
adults and which are still poorly understood in much of the
world |
494 kb pdf |
|
Preteens in Indian Caste Forced Into Prostitution |
In one
Indian community, 12-year-old girls are forced into
prostitution, driven by the economic needs of their families
and the pressure of religious legend. Human rights officials
are trying to end the practice, but red tape slows their
efforts. |
|
|
Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and
performance of STI syndromes against aetiological diagnosis,
in female sex workers of red light area in Surat, India |
The mean
number of different sexual partners of SWs per
day was five. 94.9% reported consistent condom use with
the clients. 58.5% of SWs had no symptoms related to
STDs at the time of examination. Reported
symptoms included lower abdominal pain (19.5%),
abnormal vaginal discharge (12.7%), painful sexual
intercourse (12.7%), painful micturition (11.0%),
itching around the genital area (10.2%), and
genital ulcer (5.9%). The prevalence of STI
"syndromes" were vaginal discharge syndrome 51.7%, pain
in lower abdomen 19.5%, enlarged inguinal lymph nodes
11.9%, and genital ulcer 5.9%. Based on the
laboratory reports (excluding HIV tests), 62
(52.5%) SWs did not have any of the four tested
STIs. Prevalence of laboratory confirmed STIs were syphilis
22.7% (based on reactive syphilis serology tests),
gonorrhoea 16.9%, genital chlamydial infection
8.5%, and trichomoniasis 14.4%. HIV prevalence
was 43.2%. The performance of Indian recommended
treatment guidelines for vaginal discharge syndrome (VDS)
and genital ulcer syndrome (GUS) against
aetiological diagnosis was poor.
|
|
|
Prevention of Mother to Child
transmission of HIV/AIDS.
|
Every communication initiative should be strategic and
sustainable. However,
due to lack of adequate human and financial resources, and to
other constrains, some communication initiatives, including
the ones employed in the response to HIV/AIDS, are still too
often developed without a proper strategic planning
methododoloty
|
Pdf 27 kb
|
|
Preventing Trafficking and HIV/AIDS in South Asia |
The issue of sex work cannot be separated from the larger context
of education, empowerment and economic opportunities for women.
Women in sex trade may work voluntarily or against their will. While
customers of sex workers are not discriminated against, prostitutes
are currently perceived to be indecent and immoral people who need
help
|
635 kb pdf |
|
Prostitution and HIV/AIDS |
Female
prostitutes in particular are perceived as the bridge between
an HIV-infected "underworld" and the "general population" (to
be read as heterosexual white males). According to
policy-makers and the media, the protection of public health
justifies draconian legal measures and moral intolerance. Few
if any of these measures reduce a prostitute's own risk of
contracting HIV. Research has indicated that punitive
measures to control the sex trade -- such as increased
criminal penalties, mandatory testing, and electronic
monitoring -- will further erode prostitutes' ability to
negotiate safe sex and further alienate them from public
health initiatives. As a result, HIV risks will be increased
rather than reduced. Nevertheless, governments continue to
pursue these policies.
|
|
|
Prostitution and HIV/AIDS |
Legal,
moral and social censure of prostitutes has increased
dramatically since the advent of HIV/AIDS. As has been the
case throughout history, sex-trade workers are seen as the
"vectors of disease." Female prostitutes in particular are
perceived as the bridge between an HIV-infected "underworld"
and the "general population" (to be read as heterosexual
white males). According to policy-makers and the media, the
protection of public health justifies draconian legal
measures and moral intolerance. Few if any of these
measures reduce a prostitute's own risk of contracting HIV.
Research has indicated that punitive measures to control the
sex trade -- such as increased criminal penalties, mandatory
testing, and electronic monitoring -- will further erode
prostitutes' ability to negotiate safe sex and further
alienate them from public health initiatives. As a result,
HIV risks will be increased rather than reduced. |
|
|
Prostitution: Causes and Solutions |
Around the
world today, there is a human rights crisis of sexual abuse
of millions of women, children, and thousands of men in
prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation. There
are regions of the world where prostitution has gone from
being almost non-existent to a hundred million dollar
moneymaking industry. |
Pdf 31 kb |
|
Prostitution in Canada: |
Throughout
time prostitution has aroused a wide range of emotions from
the communities in which it exists. Some are morally outraged
by its presence, others merely curious. Some view it as a
threat, others as a necessary evil. However, at least in
recorded history, no society has completely accepted it as a
valid and integral part of the community. Prostitution is
something to be abhorred or tolerated but never condoned. It
is a "nuisance," a "problem," but above all it is an
embarrassment. For the religiously inclined it reminds us that
we are far from the moral standards set for us by most
scriptures. For government officials it is considered a sign
of their mismanagement since prostitution is taken to
symbolize a society in decline. For police officials it is a
blotch on their record, an indication of incompetency, because
it is something they are unable to control much less
eradicate. For many feminists it signals the continued
entrenchment of the patriarchy, the ultimate exploitation of
women, a significant indication of how far we are from
achieving full gender equality. Prostitution is the poor
relative of whom we are slightly ashamed, the black sheep of
the family who is a reproach to our cultural image of
ourselves. And so like most families in this situation we
would keep prostitution out of sight, if not out of mind, as
much as possible. |
|
|
Prostitution in Five Countries: Violence and Post-Traumatic
Stress Disorder |
In an
effort to document the experiences of women in prostitution,
we interviewed and administered psychological tests to 475
people currently and recently prostituted in five
countries. These people live in social and legal contexts
defining them variously as hated and filthy women, criminals
and ‘sex workers’…Since violence is associated with
psychological trauma, we also inquired about the severity of
current symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. |
227 kb pdf |
|
Prostitution: a critical review of the medical and social
sciences literature |
Listing of
several different articles and papers |
112 kb pdf |
|
Prostitution on Demand |
Research, programs, and legislation related to sex trafficking are
often premised on the invisibility of the male buyer and the failure
to address men’s role in buying and abusing women in prostitution…
others act as if the male demand for sexual exploitation is
insignificant, or that prostitution is so entrenched because, after
all, “men will be men.”
|
135 kb pdf |
|
Prostitution: Then and Now |
When
thinking about trades that have been around for centuries
prostitution is not one that normally comes to mind yet it is
claimed to be one of the oldest of professions. People have very
different views on the subject of prostitution. Since
Mesopotamian times, attitudes surrounding prostitution have
evolved and changed many times from a celebrated necessity to a
cultural evil. The United States Victorian era (1840-1900)
experienced the same evolution of thoughts as their prostitutes
experienced empathy in the beginning of the century then utter
rejection towards the end. The twentieth century on through to
the twenty-first has kept the ideals of the latter Victorians.
American society’s outlook towards prostitution has not changed
in over a century and a half because the societal views and the
debate over a solution remain the same.
|
|
|
Protecting
Children from Sexual Abuse and Exploitation |
Child sexual
abuse and exploitation is a global phenomenon. It exists in
most cultures irrespective of material wealth and state ideology
|
70 kb pdf |
|
|
|
Provisions for
Victims of Trafficking in Bonded Sexual labour, i.e.
prostitution |
Trafficking
in human beings is a violation of the trafficked person’s
rights. The trafficked person is also a victim of a crime. It
is important to identify these persons as a victim under the law
and as a person whose human rights are violated. National laws
should have a legal definition of trafficking as a crime while
at the same time these laws need to empower the victim to access
their rights |
443 kb pdf |
|
Public Health and the Human Rights of sex workers |
In most
countries, sex workers are stigmatized, discriminated
against, prosecuted, and harassed. They are often seen as
immoral people or as victims of unscrupulous traffickers who
exploit the lack of opportunities of deprivileged
inhabitants of mostly poor countries |
Pdf 597 kb |
|
Rapes
fuel Bangladesh AIDS crisis
|
Police officers and crime lords who sexually abuse gay men
and sex workers are stoking an emerging AIDS epidemic in
Bangladesh, a Human Rights Watch (HRW) report warned on
Tuesday
|
|
|
Reducing prenatal HIV transmission in developing countries
through antenatal and delivery care, and breastfeeding |
In southern
African countries, where the pandemic of HIV is moving faster
than prevention efforts, pediatric wards of hospitals are
becoming overcrowded with infants and children dying of AIDS and
the average rate of HIV infection in women attending antenatal
clinics can be 30% or more |
Pdf 335 kb |
|
Report of the Expert Group on Strategies for Combating the
Trafficking of Women and Children |
Trafficking
in persons, especially women and children, for commercial sexual
exploitation is one of the fastest growing areas of
international criminal activity and of increasing concern to the
international community…Trafficking for the purposes of labour
exploitation, forced labour, marriage, adoption and the trade in
organs are additional areas of concern, but are less well
documented. |
Pdf 279 kb |
|
Report of the Task
Force on protection From Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in
Humanitarian Crises |
The grave allegations of widespread sexual exploitation and
abuse of refugee and internally displaced women and children by
humanitarian workers and peacekeepers in West Africa have
highlighted the vulnerability of refugees, internally displaced
persons and others, especially women and girls |
187 kb pdf |
|
Reproductive & Child Health
Programs.
|
This document summarizes the productive collaboration
between USAID and the Moroccan MOH spanning a period of over
three decades.
|
Pdf 1,481 kb
|
|
Resiliency Approach to Adolescent Reproductive Health |
Power
Point Presentation |
171 kb pdf |
|
Resource: Risky business - the market for unprotected commercial
sex |
Each day
over 20,000 people become infected with the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide, a large proportion of
whom are infected through unprotected sex with sex workers (UNAIDS
2002). Although condoms are an effective defense against the
transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
and there has been substantial education of sex workers
regarding the risk of infection, large numbers of sex workers
are not using condoms with their clients (UNAIDS 2002). Indeed,
infection rates among sex workers are among the highest of any
group, especially in developing countries with widely
disseminated epidemics (World Bank 1999). A major question
confronting policy makers who design and implement interventions
for the prevention of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
and STIs is: Why do sex workers risk infection by not using
condoms in their work? |
|
|
RIGHTS-INDIA: Building a New Life for HIV-Infected Child Sex
Workers |
According to Sinha, 70 percent of the 218 girl children rescued
during a police raid some years ago on a Mumbai brothel, were
found HIV- infected. "These minors are more prone to the
infection as they don't have the power to say no to sex without
a condom," she says.
|
|
|
Risk Factors for HIV among Housewives in San Salvador |
Historically, HIV/AIDS behavioral research has focused on
those populations and communities considered at highest risk
for contracting and transmitting HIV. Other than female
sex workers, however, women have been neglected
internationally as a focus of AIDS research.
Consequently, there has been inadequate understanding of women
at risk and little attention to gender specific prevention
efforts |
340 kb pdf |
|
Risk, Morality, and Blame: A Critical Analysis of Government
and US Donor Responses to HIV Infections Among Sex Workers in
India |
The vulnerability of women sex workers to HIV infection in India is
best understood through a lens of the ‘multiple disadvantages’ sex
workers face in the context of both broad social inequities and
specific gender disparities. Despite recent economic progress
and the growth of a large middle class in India, gender disparities
in education, access to land and property, and other means of
attaining economic security persist.
|
298 kb pdf |
|
Role of core and bridging groups in the transmission dynamics
of HIV and STIs |
The
potential for exposure of low and high risk women to HIV
and sexually transmitted infections (STI) through
unprotected sex with male clients of female sex
workers in Cotonou could account for most if not
all of the estimated yearly numbers of HIV
infections in Cotonou women (1000).
As ongoing transmission of HIV, and also of the
most predominant STIs such as gonorrhoea and HSV-2,
appears to be largely fuelled by transmission within
core and bridging groups in Cotonou, interventions
targeted at both female sex workers and their male
clients remain of the utmost importance and could
have a significant effect on the evolution of HIV/STI
epidemics in Benin. |
|
|
sacred
lives. |
Over a
period of five months, consultations with more than 150
commercially sexually exploited Aboriginal children and youth
tool place in 22 communities across Canada. |
818 kb pdf |
|
Securing the Supply of Condoms and Other Essential Products
for HIV/AIDS Programs |
Power
Point Presentation |
1,953 kb |
|
Sex
and HIV: Behaviour-change trial Shows no Link
|
While
the trial led to a marked change in sexual behavioural
patterns, with the proportion reporting causal sexual partners
falling from around 35 per cent to 15 per cent, there was no
noticeable fall in the number of new cases of HIV infection,
although there was a significant reduction in sexually
transmitted diseases such as syphilis and gonorrhoea.
|
|
|
Sex
for Sale, Legally
|
Though some governments are still trying to crack down on
prostitution, others are realizing that it is better to
legalize and license it than to suffer the ill effects of
driving it underground. New Zealand has just done so; Belgium
looks set to be next.
|
|
|
Sex, Race, and Criminalization
|
2 million
women and children internationally trafficked each year into
the sex industry and for labor. All estimates, however, are
preliminary and do not include trafficking within countries.
The most prevalent forms of sex trafficking are for
prostitution, sex tourism, and mail‑order bride industries.
Women and children are also trafficked for bonded labor and
domestic work, and much of this trafficking concludes with
their being sexually exploited as well. |
|
|
Sex trafficking in women from Central and East European
countries-promoting a ‘victim-centered’ and ‘woman-centred’
approach to criminal justice |
Since the
collapse of the Berlin wall, women and girls have been
trafficked from central and eastern Europe to work as
prostitutes in the European union…The focus is on criminal
justice intervention with respect to protection of and
assistance to ‘victims’, and a specially witness protection |
Pdf 131 kb |
|
Sex Trafficking of Women in the United States |
Accounts about sex trafficking in the United States, mainly
appearing in national and local media, indicate that trafficking
for commercial sexual exploitation is a national problem, and
one that is increasing is scope and magnitude. The US
government estimates that 50,000 women and children are
trafficked each year into the United States, primarily from
Latin America, countries of the former Soviet Union and
Southeast Asia
|
587 kb pdf |
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Sex
Work and HIV/AIDS in Asia (Large
report-increase download time) |
People who
buy and sell sex pose one of the high-risk behaviours for HIV
exposure in Asia. It is therefore essential for HIV prevention
interventions to take into account the nature of the Asian sex
industry |
2,712 kb pdf |
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Sex Workers and the
Cost of Safe Sex: The Compensating Differential for Condom Use
in Calcutta |
The practice
of safe sex by commercial sex workers is considered to be
central in preventing the transmission of AIDS in developing
countries. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that sex
workers may face large losses in income from using condoms
because of a strong preference for condom-free sex among
clients. |
98 kb pdf |
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Sex
work in the south
|
In recent times, prompted by the concern over the spread of
HIV/AIDS, commercial sex workers have been the focus of a
great deal of attention, primarily with the aim of promoting
safe sex as a method of preventing disease. Despite the
numerous groups active among sex workers, and despite the
government’s professed interest in the matter, there has
been no accurate assessment of the total number of people
practicing the profession in India
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Sex
Workers join Efforts to Contain Spread of AIDS
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Commercial sex workers are not responsible for the rise in
AIDS cases regionally, but their activities do contribute, and
efforts to contain the spread of HIV now include members of
the world's oldest profession
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Sex
workers problems in Greece
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This law in Greece it's unconstitutional and can't make
things work because you can't find a place in Athens which is
200 metre [away] from churches, schools youth centers public
squares public buildings etc.
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Sexuality |
Power
Point Presentation |
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Sexual Abuse
of Women in U.S. State Prisons |
Our
findings indicate that being a woman prisoner in U.S. state
prisons can be a terrifying experience. If you are sexually
abused, you cannot escape from your abuser. Grievance or
investigatory procedures, where they exist, are often
ineffectual, and correctional employees continue to engage in
abuse because they believe they will rarely be held
accountable, administratively or criminally. Few people
outside the prison walls know what is going on or care if they
do know. Fewer still do anything to address the problem. |
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Sexual
behavior among Vietnamese married women
|
While sex is love, excitement, and joy, in Vietnam existing
studies also portray sexual activity as a source of weakness,
fatigue and even an extra burden for women. They bear high
rates of abortion and reproductive tract infections.
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Sexual Behavior, HIV &
Fertility Trends.
|
The USAID-supported ABC Study examines how prevention
behaviors may have affected HIV prevalence as well as
fertility patterns in three countries where HIV prevalence
declined during the 90’s and in three countries where it
appears not to have declined.
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Pdf 3,541 kb
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Sexuality Standards, Sexual Attitudes and Sexual Behavior |
In recent
years a major public health effort has been directed at
slowing the rise of teen pregnancy and halting the spread of
sexually-transmitted diseases. The appearance of Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) on the sexual scene has
added new urgency to these programs since there is currently
no vaccine or cure. Behavioral change is the only way to
limit the spread of AIDS. Abstinence and using condoms if
sexually active can reduce the spread of Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and can also effectively reduce
the transmission of other sexually transmitted diseases and
prevent pregnancy. |
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Sexually transmitted infections in male clients of female sex
workers in Benin |
Since most
STIs are asymptomatic in this population, case
finding programmes for gonorrhoea and chlamydia could be
useful. The performance characteristics of the LED test
in this study suggest that it could be useful to
detect asymptomatic infection by either C
trachomatis or N gonorrhoeae in high risk
men |
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Slavery Slips Through Cracks in U.S. Policy |
The
psychological grip of enslavement is typically compounded by
a terror of government authority that traffickers seed in
their captives… Critics fear that authorities are failing to
address slavery as a pervasive human rights abuse, not
unique to any economic sector |
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Slavery, American-Style |
Human
trafficking is a form of modern-day slavery. Between
800,000 and 900,000 women, men, young children and teens are
trafficked across international borders each year…Most
traffickers force their captives into the shadowy world of
commercial sex and sex-related entertainment. Others press
their victims into forced labor in homes, restaurants,
agricultural fields, and sweatshops. |
Pdf 88 kb |
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Socio-Economic Aspects of Reproduction
|
The economic approach to analyse the health care services
system was used for many decades. Cost benefits (CB) studies
were developed to evaluate the economic gain related to the
expenditure for a specific treatment or health care method.
The great challenge of those studies are how to quantify, for
example, the life of a person, its health status or some
morbidity condition, in order to compare the cost of a
treatment to the benefit in terms of health, cure or death
avoidance. How much is the cost of a woman’s life?" |
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Socio-economic Factors Associated with Premarital child
bearing and Adolescents’ Age at first Motherhood |
This paper
focuses on adolescence sexual activity and child bearing
before and after first marriage as well as socio – economic
factors associated with their age at first childbearing. The
paper observed a high rate of first premarital adolescent
pregnancies among interviewed adolescent women in Tanzania.
The paper furthermore found that premarital first
pregnancies seem to be prevailing in most of the analysed
sub-Sahara African countries in comparison with others in
the developing countries. Literate adolescent women had a
higher likelihood of having premarital sexual intercourse
than illiterates. However, literacy raises age at first
birth for adolescents. Literate adolescents, on the other
hand, are more likely to be displeased with the timing of
their first birth than illiterate adolescent women. The more
years an adolescent attends school, the higher the age at
first birth. An urban adolescent woman had a higher
likelihood to experience premarital sexual intercourse than
rural adolescents. Protestant unmarried adolescent women are
less likely to experience sexual intercourse compared to
Moslems. Moslem adolescents have the first birth earlier
than Christians. |
Pdf 104 kb |
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Stigma
and Discrimination: Field Experiences and Research from
Africa, Asia & Ukraine
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“A
woman will never decide to do the testing. If she finds
herself HIV-positive she is signing three deaths:
psychological death, social death & physical death.
Don’t you think that is a lot?”
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Stigma, discrimination and HIV/AIDS |
Stigmatisation in many cases leads to discrimination,
where people are attacked or treated badly purely on
the basis of being positive. According to the Joint United
Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS, 2002), "the
stigma and discrimination that people with HIV/AIDS face
are unusually multiple and complex." It further states that
"individuals tend not to be stigmatised and discriminated
against only on the grounds of HIV/AIDS status, but also
in accordance with what this connotes." Thus, women with
HIV/AIDS may be doubly stigmatised both as 'women' and
as 'people living with HIV/AIDS' when their identity becomes
known or men who have sex with men living with HIV/AIDS
may be stigmatised both because of their sexual practice
and their status.
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Survey
on STI among female sex workers in 5 border provinces of
Vietnam
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Little is known about the true magnitude of STIs among
female sex workers (FSWs) in Vietnam.
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Survey Suggests Lack of Awareness Heightens Risk for Sexually
Transmitted Diseases |
New survey
results unveiled today by the American Social Health
Association (ASHA) - an organization dedicated to preventing
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) -- suggest that lack of
awareness may put Americans at risk for contracting STDs. |
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Swazis
have sex workers covered
|
As awareness of the AIDS crisis breaks in Swaziland like a
blinding dawn, measures that would have been unthinkable a
year ago are now being initiated.
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Teen Sex and Pregnancy |
Most very
young teens have not had intercourse: 8 in 10 girls and 7 in
10 boys are sexually inexperienced at age 15.The likelihood
of teenagers' having intercourse increases steadily with
age; however, about 1 in 5 young people do not have
intercourse while teenagers.
Most young
people begin having sex in their mid-to-late teens, about 8
years before they marry; more than half of 17-year-olds have
had intercourse.
(Several
graphs and tables are included in this report) |
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Thai views of sexuality and sexual behaviour |
Although
women did not express negative views about marrying a virgin
man, for most it seemed pointless to contemplate this.
Indeed, many accepted the double standard implicit in the
belief that men needed sexual experience before getting
married. This was evident in their tolerance of husbands'
prior visits to prostitutes. Women were also generally
accepting of premarital non- commercial sexual relationships
that their husbands might have had, although typically they
expressed greater concern about prior affairs than about
premarital patronage of prostitutes. Women's main interest
in this connection was getting assurance that any earlier
relationships were ended and would not resume. |
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The Challenge of Women’s Political Organizing in the Time of
AIDS |
High
vulnerability to HIV and high rates of infection amongst
women and girls is an entrenched part of the epidemiology of
AIDS in Africa…despite our knowledge of ‘women’s
vulnerability’, little seems to be done to overcome the
social and political determinants of HIV infection in women. |
Pdf 102 kb |
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The Demand Side of Trafficking? A Multi Country Pilot Study |
