Click a topic below for an index of articles:

 

New-Material

Home

Donate

Alternative-Treatments

Financial or Socio-Economic Issues

Forum

Health Insurance

Hepatitis

HIV/AIDS

Institutional Issues

International Reports

Legal Concerns

Math Models or Methods to Predict Trends

Medical Issues

Our Sponsors

Occupational Concerns

Our Board

Religion and infectious diseases

State Governments

Stigma or Discrimination Issues

If you would like to submit an article to this website, email us at info@heart-intl.net for a review of this paper
info@heart-intl.net

 

any words all words
Results per page:
 

“The only thing necessary for these diseases to the triumph is for good people and governments to do nothing.”

 
 


     
     
Final Report: Grant 56/1998

Values and social representations of HIV/AIDS in Central and Eastern Europe:

A multi-method investigation in five nations  

Part 3

Parts (First section of report):  1 2 3 4

References

 

Abraham, C., & Sheeran, P. (1994). Modelling and modifying young heterosexuals’ HIV

 preventive behaviour: A review of theories, findings and educational implications.

Patient Education and Counselling, 23, 173-186.

 

Attwood, L. (1996). Young people’s attitudes towards sex roles and sexuality. In H.

Pilkington (ed.) Gender, generation and identity in contemporary Russia.

Routledge: London.

 

Axmann, A. (1998). Eastern Europe and community of independent states. International

Migration, 36, 587-607.

 

Bauman, L.J., & Siegel, K. (1987). Misperception Among Gay Men of the Risk of AIDS

Associated with Their Sexual Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17, 329-350.

 

Bingham, J.S., & Waugh, M.A. (1999). Sexually transmitted infections in the Russian

Federation, the Baltic States and Poland. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 10, 657-658.

 

Bobak, M., Pikhart, H., Hertzman, C., Rose, R., & Marmot, M. (1998). Socio-economic

factors, perceived control and self-reported health in Russia: A cross-sectional survey.

Social Science and Medicine, 47, 269-274.

 

Borisenko, K.K., Tichonova, L.I., & Renton, A.M. (1999). Syphilis and other sexually

transmitted infections in the Russian Federation. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 10, 665-668.

 

Breakwell, G.M. (1986). Coping with threatened identities. London: Methuen.

 

Breakwell, G.M. & Canter, D.V. (1993). Empirical approaches to social representations.

Clarendon Press: Oxford.

 

Breakwell, G.M., Millward, L.J. & Fife-Schaw, C. (1994). Commitment to "Safer" sex as

a predictor of Condom use among 16-20 year olds. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 189-217.

 

Brislin, R. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written material. In H. Triandis

& J.Berry (Eds) Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol 2. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

 

Carroll, J.D., & Chang, J.J. (1970). Analysis of individual differences in multi-dimensional

scaling via an N-way generalization of ‘Eckart-Young’ decomposition. Psychometrika, 35, 283-319.

 

Chodynicka, B., Serwin, A.B., Janczylo-Jankowska, M., & Waugh, M.A. (1999). Epidemiology of

syphilis and gonorrhoea in eastern Poland in the years 1988-1997. International Journal of STD

and AIDS, 10, 680-684.

 

Dake, K. (1992). Myths of nature: culture and the social construction of risk. Journal of Social Issues, 48, 21-37.

 

Danziger, R. (1994). Discrimination against people with HIV and AIDS in Poland. British

Medical Journal, 308, 1145-1147.

 

Danziger, R. (1996). Compulsory testing for HIV in Hungary. Social Science and

Medicine, 43, 1199-1204.

 

de Jong, W., Tsagarelli, T., & Schouten, E. (1999). Rapid assessment of injection drug use

 and HIV in the Republic of Georgia. Journal of Drug Issues, 29, 843-859.

 

Dehne, K.L., Khodakevich, L., Hamers, F.F. & Schwartlander, B. (1999). The HIV/AIDS

epidemic in Eastern Europe: recent patterns and trends and their implication for policy-making.

AIDS, 13, 741-749.

 

Department For International Development (1999). Better Health for Poor People. UK Foreign

Office. November.

 

Doise, W., Clemence, A. & Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1993). The quantitative analysis of social

representations. Harvester Wheatsheaf: London.

 

Donohew, L., Zimmerman, R., Cupp, P.S., Novak, S., Colon, S., & Abell, R. (2000). Sensation

seeking, impulsive decision-making, and risky sex: implications for risk-taking and design of

interventions. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 1079-1091.

 

European Centre for Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS in Europe (1999). HIV/AIDS Surveillance

in Europe, Quarterly Report, June 1999.

 

Flowers, P., Smith, J.A., Sheeran, P. & Beail, N. (1996). Health and romance: understanding

unprotected sex in relationships between men. MRC medical sociology unit, Glasgow.

 

Geis, B.D., & Gerrad, M. (1984). Predicting male and female contraceptive behaviour: A discriminant

 analysis of groups high, moderate, and low in contraceptive effectiveness. Journal of Personality

and Social Psychology, 46, 669-680.

 

Goodwin, R (1998). Invited programme overview. Personal relationships and social change: The

‘realpolitik’ of cross-cultural research in transient cultures. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 227-247.

 

Goodwin, R. (1999). The use of multiple methods in Cross-Cultural Research. International

Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, European Meeting. Graz, Austria, July.

 

Goodwin, R. (2000) Cultural values and social representations of HIV/AIDS in Central and Eastern

 Europe. Keynote address International Conference on Personal Relationships, Brisbane,

Australia, June.

 

Goodwin, R., & Allen, P. (in press). Democracy and Fatalism in the Former Soviet Union.

Journal of Applied Social Psychology.

 

Goodwin, R., Kwiatkowska, A., Realo, A., Kozlova, A., & Nguyen-Luu, L.A. (2000). Values and

representations of HIV/AIDS. Symposium on ‘International Perspectives on Social Psychology’.

Osaka University, Japan, July.

 

Goodwin, R., Nizharadze, G., Nguyen Luu, L.A., Kosa, E., & Emelyanova, T. (1999). Glasnost and

the art of conversation: A multi-level analysis of disclosure across three cultures. Journal of Cross-

Cultural Psychology, 30, 78-90

 

Goodwin, R., Nizharadze, G., Kwiatkowska, A., Realo, A., Kozlova, A., & Nguyen-Luu, L.A. (2000).

 Trust in post-Communist Europe. Paper presented at the colloquium "Confiance et Transition

Democratique Dans L’Europe Post-Communiste". Paris, June. (NB: data for this paper was derived

 from both this project and previous Soros project on Social Support)

 

Harlow, L.L. (1989). Young Adult Life Experience Survey. Unpublished questionnaire, University or

Rhode Island, Department of Psychology, Kingston.

 

Hedlund, S. (1999). Russia’s "Market" economy: A bad case of predatory capitalism. London, UCL

Press.

 

Hobfoll, S.E., Jackson, A.P., Lavin, J., Britton, P.J., & Shepherd, J.B. (1993). Safer sex knowledge,

behavior, and attitudes of inner-city women. Health Psychology, 12, 482-488.

 

Horne, S. (1999). Domestic violence in Russia. American Psychologist, 54, 55-61.

 

Ingram, M. (1996). Russia is on brink of AIDS epidemic. British Medical Journal, 313, 252.

 

Joffe, H. (1996). AIDS research and prevention: A social representation approach. British Journal

of Medical Psychology, 69, 169-90.

 

Joffe, H. (1997). The relationship between representational and materialist perspectives:

AIDS and ‘the other’. In D. Yardley (ed.), Material discourses of health and illness. Routledge:

London.

 

Joffe, H. & Dockerell, J.E. (1995). Safer Sex: Lessons from the Male Sex Industry.

Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 5, 333-346.

 

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (June, 1998a). Report on the global HIV/AIDS

epidemic. June 1998

 

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (June, 1998b). Epidemiological Fact Sheets on

HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases.

 

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (December, 1999). AIDS epidemic update.

December 1999

 

Kachkachishivili, Y. (1999). Analysis of Sociological Survey on Reproductive Health related

problems among residents of Tblisi. The New Paradigms, 3, 125-159.

 

Kalichman, S.C., Kelly, J.A., Sikkema, K.J., Koslov, A.P., Shaboltas, A., & Granskaya, J. (2000).

The emerging AIDS crisis in Russia: review of enabling factors and prevention needs.

International Journal of STD and AIDS, 11, 71-75.

 

Kitzinger, J. (1991). Judging by Appearances: Audience Understandings of the Look of Someone

 with HIV. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 155-165.

 

Kitzinger, J. (1995). The Face of Aids. In Markova, I., & Farr, R. (eds). Representations of Health

, Illness and Handicap. (pp 49-66). Harwood Press.

 

Kitzinger, J., & Miller, D. (1992). "African AIDS’: The Media and Audience Beliefs". In P.

Aggleton, P. Davies & G. Hart (eds.). AIDS: Rights, Risks and Reason. London: Falmer Press.

 

Kon, I.S. (1995). The Sexual Revolution in Russia. New York: Free Press.

 

Kwiatkowska, A. (1999). Sila tradycji i pokusa zmiany, czyli o stereotypach plciowych. [Strength

 of tradition and temptation to change: on gender stereotypes]. In J. Miluska & P. Boski (eds.).

Meskosc - kobiecosc w perspektywie indywidualnej i kulturowej. [Masculinity - femininity from

 indidvidual and cultural perspectives]. Warszawa: Instytut Psychologii PAN. p. 143-172.

 

Kwiatkowska, A. (2000). Common and national cognitive spaces in perception of AIDS-related

concepts. Abstract in the Program and the book of abstracts. 15th International Congress of the IACCP. p. 158.

 

Kwiatkowska, A., Goodwin, R., Realo, A., Kozlova, A., Nguyen-Luu, L.A., & Nizharadze. G (2000a)

 Sexual behaviour in Central and Eastern Europe – Preliminary report. Abstract in Dermatologia

Kliniczna I Zabiegowa. Supplement 1. Tom 2. Rok 00. p. 37.

 

Kwiatkowska, A., Goodwin, R., Realo, A., Kozlova, A., Nguyen-Luu, L.A., & Nizharadze. G (2000b)

Zachowania seksualne w Środkowej I Wschodniej Europie – doniesienie wstępne. Paper in preparation.

 

Lear, D. (1995). Sexual communication in the age of AIDS: The construction of risk and trust among

young adults. Social Science and Medicine, 41, 1311-1323.

 

Lunin, I., Hall, T.L., Mandel, J.S., Kay, J., & Hearst, N. (1995). Adolescent sexuality in

St. Petersburg, Russia. AIDS, 9. (Supplement 1) S53-S60.

 

McCormick, N., Izzo, A., & Folcik, J. (1985). Adolescents’ values, sexuality, and contraception in a

rural New York county. Adolescence, 20, 385-395.

 

Moscovici, S. (1984). The phenomenon of social representations. In R. M. Farr, & S.Moscovici

(Eds.). Social representations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 

Nelkin, D., Willis, D.P. & Parris, S.V. (1991). Introduction: A disease of society. In D.

Nelkin, D.P. Willis & S.V. Parris (Eds.), A disease of society: Cultural and institutional responses

to AIDS. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

 

Nizharadze, G. (in press). What the Georgians know about AIDS. AIDS Centre Bulletin, Tblisi,

Georgia.

 

Nizharadze, G. and all team members (2000) Social-psychological and cross-cultural aspects of

HIV/AIDS. AIDS Centre Bulletin, Medical Issue, under final revision.

 

Ocholla-Ayayo, A.B.C. (1997). HIV/AIDS risk factors and changing sexual practices in Kenya.

In T.S. Weisner, C. Bradley and P.L. Kilbride (Eds.), African families and the crisis of social change.

 (pp 109—124). Westport, Conneticut: Bergin and Garvey.

 

Ogden, J. (1996). Health Psychology: A Textbook. Buckingham: Open University Press.

 

Poder, A., & Bingham, J.S. (1999). Sexually transmitted infections in Estonia. International Journal

of STD and AIDS, 10, 669-672.

 

Realo, A. (2000). Relationship between collectivistic attitudes and sexual behavior. In A. M.

Chodynicka & G. Mizera (Eds.), Program and the book of abstracts of the 15th Congress of the

International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (p. 158). Pultusk, Poland.

 

Realo, A., & Allik, J. (1999). A cross-cultural study of collectivism: A comparison of American,

Estonian, and Russian students. Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 133-142.

 

Realo, A., Allik, J., & Vadi, M. (1997). The hierarchical structure of collectivism. Journal

of Research in Personality, 31, 93-116.

 

Renton, A.M., Borisenko, K.K., Tichonova, L.I. & Akovian, V.A. (1999). The control and

management of sexually transmitted diseases: A comparison of the United Kingdom and the

 Russian Federation. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 10, 659-664.

 

Rhodes, Y., Ball, A., Stimson, G.V., Kobyshcha, Y., Fitch, C., Pokrvsky, V., Bezruchenko-Novachuk

, M., Burrows, D., Renton, A., & Andrushchak, L. (1999). HIV infection associated with drug

injecting in the Newly Independent States, eastern Europe: the social and economic context of

epidemics. Addiction, 94, 1323-1336.

Rhodes, T., Stimson, G.V., Crofts, N., Ball, A., Dehne, K., & Khodakevich, L. (1999). Drug injecting,

rapid HIV spread, and the ‘risk environment’: implications for assessment and response. AIDS, 13,

Supplement A, S259-S269.

 

Schwartz, S. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and

empirical tests in 20 countries. In M.P. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social

Psychology (Vol 25) (pp 1-65). New York: Academic Press.

Schwartz, S.H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values?

Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19-45.

Schwartz, S.H. (1997). Values and culture. In D. Munro, S. Carr & J. Schumaker (Eds.), Motivation

and Culture (pp 69-84). New York: Routledge.

Schwartz, S.H. (1999). Cultural Dimensions and Value Types. Workshop presented at the IACCP

Conference, Graz, Austria, 1999.

Schwartz, S.H., & Bardi, A. (1997). Influences of adaptation to communist rule on value priorities

in Eastern Europe. Political Psychology, 18, 385-410.

Schwartz, S.H., & Sagiv, L. (1995). Identifying culture specifics in the content and structure of

values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 92-116.

Schwarzer, R. (1992). Self efficacy in the adoption and maintenance of health behaviours: Theoretical

approaches and a new model. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-Efficacy: Thought Control of Action.

pp. 217-243. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.

 Singelis, T.M., Triandis, H.C., Bhawuk, D.S., and Gelfand, M. (1995). Horizontal and vertical dimensions

of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross Cultural Research, 29: 240-75.

Smith, P.B., and Schwartz, S.H. (1997). Values. In J.W. Berry., M.H. Segall and C.Kagitcibasi (eds.),

Handbook of Cross--Cultural Psychology, 2nd edition, vol 3. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Stark, K., Sieroslawksi, J., Wirth, D. & Godwod-Sikorska, C. (1995). HIV risk behaviour among injecting

 drug users in Warsaw. AIDS, 9, 211-13.

Stephenson, N., Breakwell, G. & Fife-Schaw, C. (1993). Anchoring social representations of HIV

protection: The significance of individual biographies. In P.Aggleton, P. Davies & G. Hart (Eds.), Aids:

Facing the second decade. Falmer Press: London.

Szilagyi, E. (1996). Az AIDS egeszsegugyi, prevencios, kulturalis es tarsadalomtudomanyi

megkozelitese. NEVI: Budapest.

Taylor, S.E., Kemeny, M.E., Aspinwall, L.G., Schneider, S.G., Rodriguez, R., & Herbert, M. (1992).

 Optimism, Coping, Psychological Distress, and High-Risk Sexual Behavior Among Men at Risk

for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,

63, 460-473.

Towianska, A., Rozlucka, E., & Dabrowski, J. (1992). Prevalence of HIV anti-bodies in maritime

workers and in other selected population groups in Poland. The Bulletin of the Institute of Maritime

and

Topical Mdicine in Gdynia, 43, 19-24.

Triandis, H.C. (1995). Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder: Westview Press.

U.S. Public Health Service (1988). National health interview study: AIDS knowledge and attitudes

 (Report No. OMB 0920-0214). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Visser, A.P. and Ketting, E. (1994). Sexual health: Education and counseling perspectives

on contraceptive use, HIV, and sexuality. Patient Education and Counseling, 23, 141-45.

Walberg, P., McKee, M., Shkolnikov, V., Chenet, L., & Leon, D.A. (1998). Economic change, crime,

and mortality crisis in Russia: regional analysis. British Medical Journal, 317, 312-318.

Weinberg, M.S., Lottes, I., & Shaver, F.M. (2000). Sociocultural correlates of permissive sexual

attitudes: A test of Reiss’ hypotheses about Sweden and the United States. The Journal of Sex

Research, 37, 44-52.

Weinstein, N.D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology, 39, 806-820.

Weinstein, N.D. (1982). Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems. Journal of

Behavioral Medicine, 5, 441-460.

Weinstein, N.D. (1987). Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: Conclusions

from a community-wide sample. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 481-500.

Wellings, K., Fields, J., Johnson, A. M., and Wadsworth, J. (1994). Sexual Behaviour in Britain.

London: Penguin. 

Werner, O. & Campbell, D.T. (1970). Translating, working through interpreters and the

problem of decentering. In R. Naroll & R. Cohen (eds) A handbook of cultural anthropology.

New York: American Museum of Natural History.

Whitley, B.E., & Schofield, J.W. (1986). A meta-analysis of research on adolescent contraceptive

use. Population and Environment, 8, 173-203.

 

Willig, C. (1997) The limitations of trust in intimate relationships. British Journal of Social

Psychology, 36, 211-21.

Zuckerman, M. (1994). Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

   


 

 

Table 1:

 

Cultural-level scores on Schwartz’s value dimensions. (from Schwartz & Bardi, 1997).

 

 

 

Estonia

Georgia

Hungary

Poland

Russia

Conservatism

4.19 (3)

3.87 (3)

4.33 (1)

4.16 (1)

3.90 (5)

3.68 (4)

4.24 (2)

3.90 (2)

4.17 (4)

 

Hierarchy

1.92 (5)

1.99 (4)

2.42 (3)

2.55 (1)

2.34 (4)

2.09 (3)

2.45 (2)

2.33 (2)

2.47 (1)

 

Harmony

4.57 (1)

4.31 (1)

3.77 (5)

3.99 (4)

4.43 (2)

4.18 (2)

4.03 (3)

3.86 (3)

3.95 (4)

 

Egalitarianism

4.90 (1)

4.64 (3)

4.83 (2)

4.76 (1)

4.80 (3)

4.69 (2)

4.75 (4)

4.47 (4)

4.68 (5)

 

Affective

Autonomy

3.00 (5)

3.72 (3)

3.25 (2)

3.75 (2)

3.26 (1)

4.00 (1)

3.05 (3)

3.63 (4)

3.04 (4)

Intellectual Autonomy

3.85 (4)

3.95 (3)

3.43 (5)

3.75 (4)

4.36 (1)

4.61 (1)

4.01 (3)

4.28 (2)

4.27 (2)

 

Mastery

3.65 (5)

4.21 (1)

3.84 (3)

4.14 (3)

3.88 (2)

3.94 (4)

3.92 (1)

4.15 (2)

3.74 (4)

 

 

Note

The first scores are for teacher samples, the second for student samples.

Ranks are for the position across the

five countries studied. Student samples were unavailable for the Russian sample.

 

 

Table 2: Stage 1 participants

 

 

 

Estonia

Georgia

Hungary

Poland

Russia

Business

People

54

52

50

50

50

Medics

50

52

50

50

53

Totals

104 (45 Male)

104 (62 Male)

100 (48 Male)

100 (60 Male)

103 (49 Male)

Table3:

 

Free associations with AIDS/HIV: Percentages of respondents citing these words or concepts.

 

 

 

Hungary

 

Georgia

 

Poland

 

Estonia

 

Russia

 

 

Ents

Medic

Ents

Medic

Ents

Medic

Ents

Medic

Ents.

Medic

Africa

18

10

0

0

32

40

20

12

0

0

Blood

32

20

14

19

61

52

64

58

0

0

Casual sex

10

22

0

0

36

14

0

0

0

0

Condoms

20

30

21

27

20

12

48

46

10

6

Death

44

48

25

40

32

26

46

46

32

5

Disease

62

44

27

23

64

48

74

68

70

59

Drugs

22

24

20

34

42

30

66

62

12

8

Fear

30

22

37

42

0

0

0

0

58

23

Homosexual

42

40

14

21

32

40

48

44

10

4

Prostitution

14

14

0

0

40

30

20

0

10

4

Sexual activity

20

30

0

25

46

30

42

42

0

0

Monkeys

20

8

0

0

0

0

0

12

0

0

Misfortune

/intolerance

0

0

31

14

10

12

0

0

0

0

Hopeless

0

0

0

0

0

0

10

0

14

19

 

 

 

Table 4:

 

Stage 2 participants: Breakdown of respondents by country, occupation and sex

(figures are males then females)

 

 

 

Estonia

Georgia

Hungary

Poland

Russia

Business

People

26/22

33/18

34/16